Authors : Franklin B. Ganding

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/yvf3e6rs

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yedebyzn

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jun1285

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This review synthesizes literature on the design, development, and evaluation of instructional trainers for technicalvocational education, with emphasis on portable sensor and actuator systems. The objective is to examine how open-source microcontroller platforms, pedagogical frameworks, and instructional design models contribute to bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and industrial practice. Literature was gathered from ERIC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Philippine E-Journals, covering studies published between 2018 and 2026. Findings highlight that resource scarcity in technical institutions often limits hands-on training, leaving students reliant on simulations that fail to replicate real-world anomalies. Research demonstrates that Arduino-based trainers provide cost-effective, customizable, and pedagogically sound alternatives to proprietary equipment. The integration of sensors and actuators enables students to master fundamental control logic, serving as a precursor to advanced automation systems. The ADDIE model is widely recognized as a rigorous framework for instructional hardware development, ensuring systematic design and evaluation. However, gaps remain in localized studies addressing portable “lab-in-a-box” trainers tailored to multi-major programs in Philippine state colleges. This synthesis underscores the importance of developing affordable, portable instructional trainers to enhance experiential learning and workforce readiness. Recommendations include further R&D on modular trainer designs, expanded evaluation across diverse technical programs, and integration into competency-based curricula.

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