⚠ Official Notice: www.ijisrt.com is the official website of the International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) Journal for research paper submission and publication. Please beware of fake or duplicate websites using the IJISRT name.



Potential Wound Healing Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) in Excision Wound Model in Swiss Albino Mice


Authors : Princess Dona C. Bagonggong; Faith S. Mañabo; Ron Arhiz D. Monteclaro; Maureen Kathleen L. Perandos

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 8 - August


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3bzy5b8y

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26aug777

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : This study assessed the potential wound-healing effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) using an excision wound model in Swiss albino mice. Twenty- four mice were distributed equally into four treatment groups: negative control ointment, positive control ointment, 5% S. koetjape extract ointment, and 10% S. koetjape extract ointment. Wound area was measured on Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14, while wound contraction was evaluated on Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 using Day 0 as the baseline reference. Descriptive statistics, a linear mixed-effects model, day-specific group comparisons, and post hoc tests were used to evaluate visible wound closure and treatment differences. Mean wound area decreased across the observation period in all groups.

Keywords : Sandoricum koetjape, Wound Healing, Excision Wound Model, Ethanolic Extract, Swiss Albino Mice, OECD 402, Phytochemicals, Topical Ointment, Povidone Iodine.

References :

  1. Agapin JS. 2020. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines. Philippine Journal of Science [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 31];149(3):643–654. Available from: https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol149no3/medicinal_plants_pagadian.
  2. Akinmoladun FO, Komolafe TR, Komolafe OA, Farombi EO. 2021. Phytochemical screening and wound healing activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract in Wistar rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 31]; 10(2):166-172. Available from: doi:10.34172/jhp.2021.18.
  3. Alvarez-Peral J, Arrieta-Baez D, et al. 2023. Natural products and skin regeneration: advances in wound healing. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 24(2):1154. Available from: doi: 10.3390/molecules28020598.
  4. Alvian D, Susilo RJ, Pratiwi D. 2021. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemicals, and pharmacological aspects of sentul (Sandoricum koetjape). Biomedich J Sci Tech Res [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 26]; Available from: https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/biomedich/article/view/177
  5. Armaghan M, Khushbukhat K, Irfan M, Hafeez A, Zafar S, Javed Z, Javad S, Butnariu         M, Sarac I, Bagiu I, et al. 2024. Koetjapic acid: unveiling its potential as a         saviour in the realm of biological and medicinal properties, with a focus on anticancer mechanism of action. Eur J Med Res [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep               8];29(1). Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-01699-6.
  6. Alrouji M, Kuriri FA, Alqasm MH, AlSudais H, Alissa M, Alsuwat MA, Asad M, Joseph B, Almuhanna Y. 2023. A simple in-vivo method for evaluation of antibiofilm and wound healing activity using excision wound model in diabetic Swiss Albino mice. Microorganisms [Internet]. [cited 2025 Oct 12];11(3) 692. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030692.
  7. Awolola GV, Jinadu TH, Yakubu MT, Oyewopo AO, Habibur RM. 2023. In-vivo therapeutic evaluation of the wound healing potential of ethanolic extract of Trichilia heudelotii leaves in Wistar rats [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 6]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376565698.
  8. Bailly C. 2022. Exploring the use of herbal drugs and advanced supporting techniques for wound healing. Bull Natl Res Cent [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 46:16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00705-3.
  9. Bailly C. 2022. The health benefits of santol fruits and bioactive products isolated from        Sandoricum koetjape Merr.: a scoping review. J Food Biochem [Internet]. [cited           2025 Aug 28];46(7):e14152. Available from: doi: 10.1111/jfbc.14152.
  10. Baron JM, Glatz M, Proksch E. 2020. Optimal support of wound healing: new insights.        Dermatology [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];236(6):593–600. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000505291.
  11. Bowers S, Franco E. 2020. Chronic wounds: evaluation and management. Am FamPhysician [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];101(3):159–166. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32003952/
  12. Cardoso FCI, Bortolozo BB, Azevedo FF, Zanchetta FC, Morari J, Silva GT de S, Rosa        PCP, Araujo EP, Lima MHM. 2025. Effect of Plantago major on wound healing            in hyperglycemic mice. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 29]; 13(04):320–333. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2025.134026.
  13. Cedillo-Cortezano M, Martinez-Cuevas LR, Márquez López JA, Barrera López IL, Escutia-Perez S, Petricevich VL. 2024 Use of medicinal plants in the process of   wound healing: a literature review. Pharmaceuticals [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 17(3):303. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030303.
  14. Chelmus-Burlacu A, Profire L, Pieptu D. 2023. An up-to-date on povidone-iodine with         focus on wound healing management: current available data and new approaches. Farmacia Journal [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sept 8]. Available from: https://farmaciajournal.com/issue-articles/an-up-to-date-on-povidone-iodine-with-focus-on-wound-managemnt-current-available-data-and-new-approaches/.
  15. Choudhary V, Choudhary M, Bollag WB. 2024. Exploring skin wound healing models and the impact of natural lipids on the healing process. Int J Mol Sci [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 9];25(7):3790. Available from: doi: 10.3390/ijms25073790.
  16. Criollo-Mendoza MS, Contreras-Angulo LA, Leyva-López N, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Jiménez-Ortega LA, Heredia JB. 2024. Wound healing properties of natural products: mechanisms of action. Molecules [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 2023;28(2):598. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020598.
  17. Dubale S, Kebebe D, Zeynudin A, Abdissa N, Suleman S. 2023. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants in ethiopia. J Exp Pharmacol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sept 25];15:51-62. Available from: doi: 10.2147/JEP.S379805.
  18. Durani P, Leaper D. 2024. Povidone–iodine: use in hand disinfection, skin preparation,        and antiseptic irrigation. Int Wound J [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 8]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00405. 
  19. Fajri R, et al. 2021. Angiogenic modulatory activity of Sandoricum koetjape ethanolic leaf extract observed through duck embryo CAM assay. Biomed Pharmacol J [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 26]; Available from: https://www.biomedscidirect.com
  20. Fernández-Guarino M, Hernández-Bule ML, Bacci S. 2023. Cellular and molecular processes in wound healing. Biomedicines [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 28];11(9):2526. Available from: doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092526.
  21. Forestry. 2024 Oct 31. Philippine Santol Tree [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available       from: https://forestry.com/trees/philippine-santol-tree.
  22. Gao M, Guo H, Dong X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Shang Q, Wang Q. 2024. Regulation of inflammation during wound healing: the function of mesenchymal stem cells and strategies for therapeutic enhancement. Front Pharmacol. [cited 2025 Sep 7];15:1345779. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1345779
  23. Gmur MK, Karpiński TM. 2020. Povidone-iodine in wound healing and prevention of wound infections. Eur J Biol Res. Available from: http://www.journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/ejbr/article/view/325/148
  24. Grubbs H, Manna B. 2023. Wound physiology. [Internet]   [cited 2025 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518964/
  25. Girgis C, Suludere MA, Crisologo PA, Lavery LA. 2023 Medical mythology, misconceptions, and misinformation: does iodine impede wound healing? Wounds [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 8];35(9):E297-E305. Available from: doi: 10.25270/wnds/23047. PMID: 37769289.
  26. Hamzah FN, et al. 2024. Investigating Sandoricum koetjape leaf extracts for tyrosinase         inhibitors: in vitro and in silico study. E3S Web Conf. (ICAS2024) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 28]; 577,02008. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202457702008.
  27. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). 2024. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.Published in Philipp. J. Sci., C 7:237 (1912). [Internet] [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available from: https://www.ipni.org
  28. Kamrani P, Hedrick J, Marks JG, Zaenglein AL. Petroleum jelly: A comprehensive review of its history, uses, and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 29];90(4):807-813. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37315800/
  29. Krakowska-Sieprawska A, Kosmalska A, Kurek MA. 2022. Modern methods of pre-treatment of plant material for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Molecules. 27(3):8840492. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8840492/
  30. Liu E, Gao H, Zhao Y, Pang Y, Yao Y, Yang Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yang S, Ma X, et al. 2022. The potential application of natural products in cutaneous wound healing: a review of preclinical evidence. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 13:900439. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar. 
  31. Mathew-Steiner SS, Roy S, Sen CK. 2021. Collagen in wound healing. Bioengineering (Basel) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];8(5):63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050063
  32. Monstrey SJ, Govaers K, Lejuste P, Lepelletier D, Ribeiro PO. 2023. Evaluation of the         role of povidone-iodine in the prevention of surgical site infections. Surgery Open Science [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 29];13:9–17. Available from:  doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sopen.2023.03.005.
  33. Mogan Babu N, Harikrishnan N, 2020. Wound Healing Potential of Selected Drug Molecules Obtained From Terpenoids [December 2020 International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences] 11(4):7345-7352 DOI:10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3915 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348270023_Wound_Healing_Potential_of_Selected_Drug_molecules_Obtained_From_Terpenoids 
  34. MSD Manuals. 2025. Wounds. MSD Manual Consumer Version [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 8]. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/first-aid/wounds
  35. National Parks Board (NParks). 2021. Sandoricum koetjape (Santol) [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available from: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/1/3109
  36. Nagle M, et al. 2023. Wound assessment and management. [Internet]   [cited 2025 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482198/ 
  37. Nguyen HM, Le TTN, Nguyen AT, Le HNT, Pham TT. 2023. Biomedical materials            for wound dressing: recent advances and applications. RSC Adv [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];13:5509–28. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07673J
  38. Olatunji, T.L., Odebunmi, C.A. & Adetunji, A.E. Biological activities of limonoids in the Genus Khaya (Meliaceae): a review. Futur J Pharm Sci 7, 74 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00197-4 from: https://fjps.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43094-021-00197-4 
  39. Park J, De P. 2025. Wound progression and complications. Int Wound J [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/iwj.14339
  40. Philippine Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). 2025. Santol (Sandoricum koetjape). [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 31]. Available from:https://tkdlph.com/index.php/ct-menu-item-3/ct-menu-item-7/all/3396-santol
  41. Rashid S, Majeed LR, Nisar B, Nisar H, Bhat AA, Ganai BA. 2021. Chapter 1 - phytomedicines: diversity, extraction, and conservation strategies. Phytomedicine [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sept 25]; 1-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824109-7.00009-1.  
  42. Rahman A, Yusuf S, Putri A. 2021. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for skin and soft tissue injuries in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 31];276:114178. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114178
  43. Saadah S, Tulandi SM, Rohman RA. 2022. Phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of two plant parts of Sandoricum koetjape. Biodiversitas [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sept 25]; 23(12):6199-6207. Available from: doi:10.13057/biodiv/d231214. 
  44. Santos MG, et al. 2020. Antibacterial activity of Sandoricum koetjape leaf ethanolic extract. DLSMHSI J Res [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 26]; Available from: https://greenprints.dlshsi.edu.ph/grade_12/104
  45. Simon PE, Al Moutran H, Romo T III, et al. 2024. Skin wound healing: overview, hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Medscape [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/884594
  46. Shewaye DG, Kahaliw W, Belete TM, Ahmed N. 2023. Evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of Trichilia dregeana (Meliaceae) leaves in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 27]; 9980866. Available              from: doi: 10.1155/2023/9980866. 
  47. Uberoi A, McCready-Vangi A, Grice EA. 2024. The wound microbiota: microbial mechanisms of impaired wound healing and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];22(8):507–521. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01035-z
  48. West Coast Wound. 2025. Traumatic wound treatment and care. West Coast Wound [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 8]. Available from: https://westcoastwound.com/traumatic-wound-treatment-and-care
  49. Wijaya MD. 2022. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemicals, and pharmacological aspects of Sentul (Sandoricum koetjape). Biol Med Nat Prod Chem [Internet]. [cited 2025                Aug 28]; 11(1):177. Available from: https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/177. 
  50. World Flora Online (WFO). 2024. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. World Flora Online Consortium. [Internet] [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available from: http://www.worldfloraonline.org 
  51. World Flora Online (WFO). 2024. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. World Flora Online Consortium. [Internet] [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available from: http://www.worldfloraonline.org.
  52. Wuhan Diao Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 2023. CN102885852B-Povidone iodine   ointment and preparation method thereof. Google Patents. [Internet] [cited 2026 March 30].  Available from: https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102885852B/en.
  53. Wutsqa YU, Suratman S, Sari LA. 2021. Detection of terpenoids and steroids in Lindsaea obtusa with thin layer chromatography. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sept 25]; 19(2):66-69. Available from: doi: 10.13057/biofar/f190204.
  54. Yang Y, Huang J, Zeng A, Long X, Yu N, Wang X. 2024. The role of the skin microbiome in wound healing. Burns Trauma [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 7];12:tkad059. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/burnst/tkad059
  55. Yassine KA, Houari H, Mokhtar B, Karim A, Hadjer S, Bediaf I. 2020. A topical ointment formulation containing leaves’ powder of Lawsonia inermis accelerate excision wound healing in Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 26]; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7429373
  56. Zhang X, et al. 2022. Phytochemical-based nanoformulations for wound healing: current applications and innovations. Appl Sci [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 28]; 12(24):12654. Available from: doi: 10.3390/gels7040209.
  57. (Rahmawati R, Nurjanah M, Yuliani R, et al. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Sandoricum koetjape leaf extract. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2022;12(7):142-148.)

This study assessed the potential wound-healing effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sandoricum koetjape (Meliaceae) using an excision wound model in Swiss albino mice. Twenty- four mice were distributed equally into four treatment groups: negative control ointment, positive control ointment, 5% S. koetjape extract ointment, and 10% S. koetjape extract ointment. Wound area was measured on Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14, while wound contraction was evaluated on Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 using Day 0 as the baseline reference. Descriptive statistics, a linear mixed-effects model, day-specific group comparisons, and post hoc tests were used to evaluate visible wound closure and treatment differences. Mean wound area decreased across the observation period in all groups.

Keywords : Sandoricum koetjape, Wound Healing, Excision Wound Model, Ethanolic Extract, Swiss Albino Mice, OECD 402, Phytochemicals, Topical Ointment, Povidone Iodine.

Paper Submission Last Date
31 - October - 2026

SUBMIT YOUR PAPER CALL FOR PAPERS
Video Explanation for Published paper

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe