Authors : Dr. Ganesh Deshmukh; Atharva Gogawale; Pranav Kinage

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/26x4u64h

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3hcjbu8h

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24APR1825

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The gut microbiota, comprising a diverse array of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, inhabits the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals, exerting a profound influence on various physiological functions. This intricate ecosystem, characterized by its heterogeneity and resilience, plays a pivotal role in maintaining overall health. Through a mutualistic relationship with the host, the gut microbiota contributes to the production of short-chain fatty acids and participates in carbohydrate metabolism, thus influencing energy metabolism and inflammatory processes. Moreover, it actively modulates the immune system, promoting a balanced and well-functioning immune response while providing defense against invading pathogens. Importantly, disruptions in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Understanding and harnessing the potential of the gut flora hold promise for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for these conditions. This abstract highlights the multifaceted roles of gut microbiota in human health and underscores the importance of further research in this field for advancing public health initiatives.

References :

1. Zamberi N.R., Abu N., Mohamed N.E., Nordin N., Keong Y.S., Beh B.K., Zakaria Z.A.B., Nik Abdul Rahman N.M.A., Alitheen N.B. The Antimetastatic and Antiangiogenesis Effects of Kefir Water on Murine Breast Cancer Cells. Integer. Cancer Ther. 2016;15:NP53–NP66. Doi: 10.1177/1534735416642862.
2. Garofalo C., Ferrocino I., Reale A., Sabbatini R., Milanović V., Alkić-Subašić M., Boscaino F., Aquilanti L., Pasquini M., Trombetta M.F., et al. Study of kefir drinks produced by backslopping method using kefir grains from Bosnia and Herzegovina: Microbial dynamics and volatilome profile. Food Res. Int. 2020;137:109369. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109369.
3. Prado M.R., Blandón L.M., Vandenberghe L.P.S., Rodrigues C., Castro G.R., Thomaz-Soccol V., Soccol C.R. Milk kefir: Composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products. Front. Microbiol. 2015;6:1–10. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01177.
4. Fiorda F.A., de Melo Pereira G.V., Thomaz-Soccol V., Rakshit S.K., Pagnoncelli M.G.B., Vandenberghe L.P.d.S., Soccol C.R. Microbiological, biochemical, and functional aspects of sugary kefir fermentation—A review. Food Microbiol. 2017;66:86–95. Doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.004.
5. Kesenkaş H., Gürsoy O., Özbaş H. Kefir. Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2017. Pp. 339–361. [Google Scholar] Park KY, Jeong JK, Lee YE, Daily JW 3^rd. Health benefits of kimchi (Korean fermented vegetables) as a probiotic food. J Med Food. 2014 Jan;17(1):6-20. Doi: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3083. PMID: 24456350.(kimchi )
6. (Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016). Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLOS Biology, 14(8), e1002533. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533.)
7. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug 7; 21(29): 8787–8803. Published online 2015 Aug 7. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787
8. Front. Nutr., 03 January 2022 Sec. Nutritional Immunology Volume 8 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.634897
9. (Gibson, G. R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M. E., Prescott, S. L., Reimer, R. A., Salminen, S. J., ... Reid, G. (2017). Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14(8), 491–502. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75.)
10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9834882/#:~:text=Inulin%20and%20oligofructose%20are%20classes,hydrolysis%20and%20transglycosylation%20of%20sucrose. [doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3040]Published online 2022 Sep 15]’:
11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105622/#:~:text=Galactooligosaccharides%20(GOS)%20are%20an%20important,prebiotic%20ingredients%20in%20rat%20diet. doi: 10.17113/ftb.54.02.16.4292
12. (Sako T, Matsumoto K, Tanaka R. Recent progress on research and applications of non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides. Int Dairy J. 1999;9:69–80. 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00046-1)
13. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Van Loo J, Rastall RA, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17:259–75. 10.1079/NRR200479
14. The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2023; 12(6):425-429 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2023; 12(6):425-429.
15. Parekh SL, Balakrishnan S, Hati S, Aparnathi KD. Lactulose: Significance in Milk and Milk Products. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2016;5:721–32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.511.083  
16. Journal of Phytopharmacology 2023; 12(6):425-429 Online at: www.phytopharm journal.com)
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271023644_The_potential_of_resistant_starch_as_a_prebiotic DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.993590
18. Gibson GR, Probert HM, Loo JV, et al. (2004). Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev, 17, 259–75.
19. The potential of resistant starch as a prebiotic Crit Rev Biotechnol, Early Online: 1–7 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.993590
20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539293/#:~:text=Probiotics%20 may%20 induce%20 changes%20in,clinical%20 benefits%20in%20the%20host.doi: 10.1177/1756283X12459294
21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539293/#:~:text=Probiotics%20 may%20 induce%20 changes%20in,clinical%20benefits%20in%20the%20host.
22. Bienenstock J., Collins S. (2010) 99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Psycho-Neuroimmunology and the Intestinal Microbiota: Clinical observations and basic mechanisms. Cli Exp Immunol 160: 85–91
23. Bron P., Van Baarlen P., Kleerebezem M. (2011) Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa. Nat Rev Microbiol 10: 66–78
24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10180739/#:~:text=Dietary%20fiber%2C%20 prebiotic%20 fibre%20 supplements,as%20showing%20in%20 Figure%202.&text=Established%20 strategies%20that%20can%20be,of%20short%2Dchain%20booty%20 acids. doi: 10.3390/nu15092211 PMCID: PMC10180739 Gary David Lopaschuk, Academic Editor.
25. Lozupone C.A., Stombaugh J.I., Gordon J.I., Jansson J.K., Knight R. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature. 2012;489:220–230. doi: 10.1038/nature11550 .
26. Ianiro G., Bruno G., Lopetuso L., Beghelli F.B., Laterza L., D’Aversa F., Gigante G., Cammarota G., Gasbarrini A. Role of yeasts in healthy and impaired gut microbiota: The gut mycome. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2014;20:4565–4569. doi: 10.2174/13816128113196660723.
27. Viggiano D., Ianiro G., Vanella G., Bibbò S., Bruno G., Simeone G., Mele G. Gut barrier in health and disease: Focus on childhood. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2015;19:1077–1085.
28. 46. Meira L.B., Bugni J.M., Green S.L., Lee C.-W., Pang B., Borenshtein D., Rickman B.H., Rogers A.B., Moroski-Erkul C.A., McFaline J.L., et al. DNA damage induced by chronic inflammation contributes to colon carcinogenesis in mice. J. Clin. Investig. 2008;118:2516–2525. doi: 10.1172/JCI35073.
29. C. C. Dodoo, J. Wang, A. W. Basit, P. Stapleton, and S. Gaisford, “Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 530, no. 1-2, pp. 224–229, 2017.
30. E. F. Murphy, P. D. Cotter, A. Hogan et al., “Divergent metabolic outcomes arising from targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota in diet-induced obesity,” Gut, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 220–226, 2013
31. C. C. Dodoo, J. Wang, A. W. Basit, P. Stapleton, and S. Gaisford, “Targeted delivery of probiotics to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal colonisation,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 530, no. 1-2, pp. 224–229,
32. E. F. Murphy, P. D. Cotter, A. Hogan et al., “Divergent metabolic outcomes arising from targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota in diet-induced obesity,” Gut, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 220–226, 2013
33. Article ID 1984200 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1984200