Regenerative Medicine; Regenerative Pharmacology: Drug Delivery Strategies for Stem Cells, Growth Factors and Tissue Engineering


Authors : D. Chaitanya Dixit; R. Shobha; B.V. Ramana; M. Sri Ramachandra

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 10 - October


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/44e9cs26

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/44fv3cn9

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25oct674

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Abstract : Regenerative medicine aims to restore damaged tissues and organs through therapeutic strategies that reduce the need for transplantation. This interdisciplinary field combines engineering and life sciences and has developed several FDA- approved therapies, particularly in wound healing and orthopedics. The review covers both established and emerging approaches in regenerative medicine, focusing on tissue graft fabrication, biomimetic constructs, and technologies that integrate engineered tissues with host vasculature. It also explores methods to enhance the body's natural regenerative abilities, including cell-based therapies and immune regulation, while highlighting new cell sources and future directions for this evolving field.

Keywords : Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, Stem Cell Therapy, Tissue Engineering, 3D Bioprinting, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, Immunosuppressants, Scaffold Fabrication, Mammalian Heart Models.

References :

  1. Frey BM et al. "Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine," which discusses the combination of stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors for tissue regeneration including the use of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular and tissue repair.
  2. Krishani M, et al. "Development of Scaffolds from Bio-Based Natural Materials for Tissue Regeneration Applications," which details scaffold requirements such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, porosity, pore size, and bioactivity for cell attachment and tissue formation.
  3. Iaquinta MR et al. "Adult Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration and Repair," describing sources such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord MSCs, their ability to differentiate and secrete bioactive molecules, and their use with scaffolds and growth factors to enhance tissue repair.
  4. Kupiec-Weglinski JW et al., "Grand Challenges in Organ Transplantation," Frontiers in Transplantation, 2022, discusses global donor shortages, ischemia-reperfusion injury of donor organs, immunosuppressive therapies, and new strategies including molecular signaling, stem cell therapy, and bioengineering to rejuvenate donor organs and improve transplant outcomes.
  5. Christ GJ, Andersson KE. "The Pharmacology of Regenerative Medicine," Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2013. This comprehensive review discusses regenerative pharmacology as a novel field aimed at curing diseases by restoring tissue and organ function through modulation of cellular physiology. It highlights the integration of pharmacological methods with regenerative medicine, stem cell biology, and tissue engineering to develop new therapeutics that enhance the body's natural healing mechanisms.
  6. Cancedda R, et al. The Phoenix of stem cells: pluripotent cells in adult tissues? Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024 Jul 29; 12:1414156.
  7. Toma C, et al. (2002) demonstrated that bone marrow-derived MSCs have therapeutic potential in heart failure, showing their use in clinical contexts for cardiac repair.
  8. Wagner W, et al. (2010). This paper discusses the decline in regenerative potential of ASCs with age, including reduced proliferation, differentiation, and increased senescence markers.
  9. Mandai M, et al. (2017). They demonstrated the transplantation of iPSC-derived retinal cells in humans, highlighting reduced immune rejection due to their patient-specific origin.
  10. Miura K, et al. (2009). This study reported that iPSCs, like embryonic stem cells, have tumorigenic potential due to the possibility of uncontrolled differentiation leading to teratoma formation.
  11. Okita K, et al. (2007). This study was among the first to generate iPSCs using viral vectors, highlighting concerns of insertional mutagenesis and genomic instability leading to tumorigenesis.
  12. Diekman BO, et al. (2012): "Cartilage tissue engineering using differentiated and purified induced pluripotent stem cells." This study discusses the role of growth factors such as BMPs and TGF-β in promoting chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, which is foundational in cartilage and bone tissue engineering.
  13. Huh et al. developed a lung-on-a-chip microfluidic device that reconstitutes the alveolar-capillary interface by culturing human pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells on a flexible membrane exposed to air and fluid flow with cyclic stretching to mimic breathing motions. This platform models organ-level lung functions and pulmonary diseases such as pulmonary edema [Huh et al., 2010]
  14. Jang KJ et al. developed a microfluidic device lined with living primary human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells mimicking key kidney functions. This kidney-on-a-chip allowed fluidic flow stimulation, enhanced cell polarization, and demonstrated in vivo-like responses for albumin transport and drug (cisplatin) toxicity more accurately than conventional culture models, validating its utility for nephrotoxicity testing [Jang et al., 2013].
  15. Marsano et al. (2016) developed a heart-on-a-chip microfluidic platform that mimics the physiological mechanical environment of native myocardium, enabling the generation of functional 3D cardiac microtissues that show improved cardiac differentiation and contractility, useful for drug testing and cardiac research.
  16. Hoang DM, et al. Stem cell-based therapy for human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022 Aug 5;7(1):215. This article discusses clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and MSCs, emphasizing their potential for regenerative therapies.
  17. Ullah I, et al. "From bench to bedside: translating mesenchymal stem cell therapy." Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025;7:1639439.
  18. Morawska-Kozłowska M. et al., 2025, detailed MSC clinical and veterinary applications including heart failure, tendon repair, and osteoarthritis in animals.
  19. Liang et al., 2012, provide comprehensive insights into the indefinite proliferation and full differentiation potential of ESCs, alongside ethical concerns related to embryo use.
  20. Yang et al. (2023) demonstrated that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) promote wound healing through secretion of the chemokine CCL2, which induces polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, enhancing tissue regeneration in mouse models.
  21. Amghar-Maach et al. (2019) reviewed various methods of grafting DPSCs for periodontal regeneration, highlighting their ability to favor bone tissue regeneration and suggesting their potential in clinical periodontal therapies.

Regenerative medicine aims to restore damaged tissues and organs through therapeutic strategies that reduce the need for transplantation. This interdisciplinary field combines engineering and life sciences and has developed several FDA- approved therapies, particularly in wound healing and orthopedics. The review covers both established and emerging approaches in regenerative medicine, focusing on tissue graft fabrication, biomimetic constructs, and technologies that integrate engineered tissues with host vasculature. It also explores methods to enhance the body's natural regenerative abilities, including cell-based therapies and immune regulation, while highlighting new cell sources and future directions for this evolving field.

Keywords : Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials, Stem Cell Therapy, Tissue Engineering, 3D Bioprinting, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, Immunosuppressants, Scaffold Fabrication, Mammalian Heart Models.

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Paper Submission Last Date
31 - December - 2025

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