Authors : Medha Kharat; Shilpa Mishra; Komal Maurya

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 1 - January

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/554442s3

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/6ysh8r6v

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14908888

Abstract : Retinoids, which comprise Vitamin A and its derivatives, are widely used in antiaging and the treatment of psoriasis and acne vulgaris. Retinoids control cell division, proliferation, and death. Anti-wrinkle properties of retinoid compounds include inhibition of metalloproteinase activity, limitation of transepidermal water loss, stimulation of keratinocyte proliferation, and reinforcement of the protective function of the epidermis. Skin aging can be influenced by intricate biological mechanisms that are both endogenous and exogenous. Nowadays, a range of skincare practices can revitalize aging skin. Retinoids are frequently used in anti aging treatment formulations. Externally applied retinoids promote the production of elastin, regulate the renewal of epidermal cells, and raise the number and activity of fibroblasts. As a result, retinoid-containing treatments are being used by an increasing number of people to delay skin aging.

Keywords : Retinoids, Skin-Aging, Vitamin A, Anti-Wrinkle.

References :

1. Milosheska, D., Roškar, R. Use of Retinoids in Topical Antiaging Treatments: A Focused Review of Clinical Evidence for Conventional and Nanoformulations. Adv Ther 39, 5351–5375 (2022). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9618501
2. Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):327-48. doi: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.327. PMID: 18046911; PMCID: PMC2699641.    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699641/
3. Retinoids. Sekula-Gibbs, Shelley et al. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 50, Issue 3, 405 - 415 https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(03)03031-7/abstract#:~:text=In%201971% 2C%20the%20Food%20and,frightening%20threat%20of%20birth%20defects
4. Nomenclature of retinoids. Recommendations 1981. Eur J Biochem. 1982 Dec;129(1):1-5. PMID: 7160373. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7160373/
5. Zasada M, Budzisz E. Retinoids: active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019 Aug;36(4):392-397. doi: 10.5114/ada.2019.87443. Epub 2019 Aug 30. PMID: 31616211; PMCID: PMC6791161.   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6791161/
6. R.A.S. CHANDRARATNA, Tazarotene—first of a new generation of receptor‐selective retinoids, British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 135, Issue s49, 1 October 1996, Pages 18–25, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb15662.x https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9035701/
7. Future trends: A new generation of retinoids Chandraratna, R.A.S. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 39, Issue 4, S149 - S152 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9777794/
8. Kolli SS, Pecone D, Pona A, Cline A, Feldman SR. Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019 Jun;20(3):345-365. doi: 10.1007/s40257-019-00423-z. PMID: 30674002. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30674002/
9. Babamiri K, Nassab R. Cosmeceuticals: the evidence behind the retinoids. Aesthet Surg J. 2010 Jan;30(1):74-7. doi: 10.1177/1090820X09360704. PMID: 20442078. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20442078/
10. Quan, T. Human Skin Aging and the Anti-Aging Properties of Retinol. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111614. https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/11/1614
11. Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, Darwiche N, Abbas O, Kibbi AG, Nemer G, Kurban M. Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017 Dec;28(8):684-696. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2017.1309349. Epub 2017 Apr 2. PMID: 28318351. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28318351/
12. Motamedi M, Chehade A, Sanghera R, Grewal P. A Clinician's Guide to Topical Retinoids. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;26(1):71-78. doi: 10.1177/12034754211035091. Epub 2021 Jul 22. PMID: 34292058; PMCID: PMC8750127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292058/
13. Tsuji M, Shudo K, Kagechika H. Identifying the receptor subtype selectivity of retinoid X and retinoic acid receptors via quantum mechanics. FEBS Open Bio. 2017 Feb 5;7(3):391-396. doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.12188. PMID: 28286734; PMCID: PMC5337894. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292058/
14. Kam RK, Deng Y, Chen Y, Zhao H. Retinoic acid synthesis and functions in early embryonic development. Cell Biosci. 2012 Mar 22;2(1):11. doi: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-11. PMID: 22439772; PMCID: PMC3325842. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22439772/
15. Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. Retinoic acid actions through mammalian nuclear receptors. Chem Rev. 2014 Jan 8;114(1):233-54. doi: 10.1021/cr400161b. Epub 2013 Dec 5. PMID: 24308533; PMCID: PMC3931982. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931982/
16. Spiegler E, Kim YK, Wassef L, Shete V, Quadro L. Maternal-fetal transfer and metabolism of vitamin A and its precursor β-carotene in the developing tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Jan;1821(1):88-98. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.003. Epub 2011 May 19. PMID: 21621637; PMCID: PMC3184320.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21621637/
17. Tyler KH. Dermatologic therapy in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;58(1):112-8. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000089. PMID: 25517754.                   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25517754/
18. Veraldi S, Rossi LC, Barbareschi M. Are topical retinoids teratogenic? G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2016 Dec;151(6):700-705. Epub 2016 Sep 6. PMID: 27598619.             https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27598619/
19. Kang S, Duell EA, Fisher GJ, Datta SC, Wang ZQ, Reddy AP, Tavakkol A, Yi JY, Griffiths CE, Elder JT, et al. Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Oct;105(4):549-56. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12323445. PMID: 7561157.    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7561157/
20. Piérard-Franchimont C, Castelli D, Cromphaut IV, Bertin C, Ries G, Cauwenbergh G, Piérard GE. Tensile properties and contours of aging facial skin. A controlled double-blind comparative study of the effects of retinol, melibiose-lactose and their association. Skin Res Technol. 1998 Nov;4(4):237-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.1998.tb00116.x. PMID: 27332694. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27332694/
21. Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung JH, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2000 Mar;114(3):480-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00902.x. PMID: 10692106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10692106/
22. Sass JO, Didierjean L, Carraux P, Plum C, Nau H, Saurat JH. Metabolism of topical retinaldehyde and retinol by mouse skin in vivo: predominant formation of retinyl esters and identification of 14-hydroxy-4, 14-retro-retinol. Exp Dermatol. 1996 Oct;5(5):267-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00128.x. PMID: 8981025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8981025/
23. Creidi P, Vienne MP, Ochonisky S, Lauze C, Turlier V, Lagarde JM, Dupuy P. Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Dec;39(6):960-5. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70270-1. PMID: 9843009.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843009/
24. Woodley DT, Zelickson AS, Briggaman RA, Hamilton TA, Weiss JS, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Treatment of photoaged skin with topical tretinoin increases epidermal-dermal anchoring fibrils. A preliminary report. JAMA. 1990 Jun 13;263(22):3057-9. PMID: 2342217.                 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2342217/
25. Olsen EA, Katz HI, Levine N, Shupack J, Billys MM, Prawer S, Gold J, Stiller M, Lufrano L, Thorne EG. Tretinoin emollient cream: a new therapy for photodamaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Feb;26(2 Pt 1):215-24. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70030-j. PMID: 1552056.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1552056/
26. An overview about Therapeutic uses, clinical efficacy, safety and classes of Retinoids and its efficacy for Treatment of skin aging . (2023). University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v10i1.914 https://jsci.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/article/view/914
27. Abdelmaksoud A, Lotti T, Anadolu R, Goldust M, Ayhan E, Dave DD, Vestita M, Ebik B, Gupta M. Low dose of isotretinoin: A comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Mar;33(2):e13251. doi: 10.1111/dth.13251. Epub 2020 Feb 20. PMID: 32022958. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32022958/
28. Griffiths CE, Maddin S, Wiedow O, Marks R, Donald AE, Kahlon G. Treatment of photoaged skin with a cream containing 0.05% isotretinoin and sunscreens. J Dermatolog Treat. 2005 Apr;16(2):79-86. doi: 10.1080/09546630510027732. PMID: 16019621. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16019621/
29. Raza K, Singh B, Singla N, Negi P, Singal P, Katare OP. Nano-lipoidal carriers of isotretinoin with anti-aging potential: formulation, characterization and biochemical evaluation. J Drug Target. 2013 May;21(5):435-42. doi: 10.3109/1061186X.2012.761224. Epub 2013 Jan 22. PMID: 23336181. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23336181/
30. Cheng, Caleb & Michaels, Jason & Scheinfeld, Noah. (2008). Alitretinoin: A comprehensive review. Expert opinion on investigational drugs. 17. 437-43. 10.1517/13543784.17.3.437. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321241/
31. Baumann L, Vujevich J, Halem M, Martin LK, Kerdel F, Lazarus M, Pacheco H, Black L, Bryde J. Open-label pilot study of alitretinoin gel 0.1% in the treatment of photoaging. Cutis. 2005 Jul;76(1):69-73. PMID: 16144296. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16144296/
32. Kang S, Goldfarb MT, Weiss JS, Metz RD, Hamilton TA, Voorhees JJ, Griffiths CE. Assessment of adapalene gel for the treatment of actinic keratoses and lentigines: a randomized trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Jul;49(1):83-90. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2003.451. PMID: 12833014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12833014/
33. Roeder A, Schaller M, Schäfer-Korting M, Korting HC. Tazarotene: therapeutic strategies in the treatment of psoriasis, acne and photoaging. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 May-Jun;17(3):111-8. doi: 10.1159/000077236. PMID: 15087589. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15087589/
34. Sefton J, Kligman AM, Kopper SC, Lue JC, Gibson JR. Photodamage pilot study: a double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of tazarotene 0.1% gel. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Oct;43(4):656-63. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2000.107938. PMID: 11004622. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11004622/
35. Nagpal S, Patel S, Jacobe H, DiSepio D, Ghosn C, Malhotra M, Teng M, Duvic M, Chandraratna RA. Tazarotene-induced gene 2 (TIG2), a novel retinoid-responsive gene in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1997 Jul;109(1):91-5. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276660. PMID: 9204961. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9204961/
36. DiSepio D, Ghosn C, Eckert RL, Deucher A, Robinson N, Duvic M, Chandraratna RA, Nagpal S. Identification and characterization of a retinoid-induced class II tumor suppressor/growth regulatory gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 8;95(25):14811-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14811. PMID: 9843971; PMCID: PMC24531. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843971/
37. Williams AL, Pace ND, DeSesso JM. Teratogen update: Topical use and third-generation retinoids. Birth Defects Res. 2020 Sep;112(15):1105-1114. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1745. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PMID: 32643315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32643315/
38. Kim MS, Lee S, Rho HS, Kim DH, Chang IS, Chung JH. The effects of a novel synthetic retinoid, seletinoid G, on the expression of extracellular matrix proteins in aged human skin in vivo. Clin Chim Acta. 2005 Dec;362(1-2):161-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.06.016. Epub 2005 Aug 1. PMID: 16055107. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16055107/
39. Buchanan, Patrick J; Gilman, Robert H. Retinoids: Literature Review and Suggested Algorithm for Use Prior to Facial Resurfacing Procedures. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 9(3):p 139-144, Jul–Sep 2016. | DOI: 10.4103/0974-2077.191653 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27761082/
40. Cunliffe, W. J., et al. Retinoid Therapy : A Review of Clinical and Laboratory Research : The Proceedings of an International Conference Held in London, 16-18 May 1983. MTP Press, 1984.  https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-011-6349-1
41. Torras H. Retinoids in aging. Clin Dermatol. 1996 Mar-Apr;14(2):207-15. doi: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)00156-a. PMID: 9117987. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9117987/
42. Kligman DE, Sadiq I, Pagnoni A, Stoudemayer T, Kligman AM. High-strength tretinoin: a method for rapid retinization of facial skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998 Aug;39(2 Pt 3):S93-7. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70454-2. PMID: 9703133. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703133/
43. Nguyen, Alexander T. M.D.; Ahmad, Jamil M.D.; Fagien, Steven M.D.; Rohrich, Rod J. M.D.. Cosmetic Medicine: Facial Resurfacing and Injectables. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 129(1):p 142e-153e, January 2012. | DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182362c63                 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22186529/
44. Hevia O, Nemeth AJ, Taylor JR. Tretinoin accelerates healing after trichloroacetic acid chemical peel. Arch Dermatol. 1991 May;127(5):678-82. PMID: 2024986.                   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2024986/
45. Kim IH, Kim HK, Kye YC. Effects of tretinoin pretreatment on TCA chemical peel in guinea pig skin. J Korean Med Sci. 1996 Aug;11(4):335-341. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.1996.11.4.335 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8878803/