Authors : Ruqaiyya Shabbir Jhandawala

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4c8uypcp

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3vzawy2j

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24OCT634

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : As people grow older, their chances of facing cognitive impairment tend to rise, and this probability fluctuates in relation to their age. Research has pointed out that 21.04% of individuals between 60 to 69 years old encounter cognitive issues, a percentage that escalates to 23.91% for those aged 70 to 79, and peaks at 32.65% in the elderly population over eighty. This condition primarily stems from factors like high stress levels and hypertension, conditions often associated with the hormone 'cortisol.' Prevent cognitive decline, individuals can take initiative-taking steps such as supporting a balanced diet, emphasizing physical well-being, controlling blood pressure, and incorporating other beneficial practices that collectively reduce the risk. Despite the straightforward prevention methods, the complexities of contemporary lifestyles often lead people to overlook these crucial aspects. In this study, our focus aims to delve into the impact of the 'cortisol' hormone on mental health conditions (AD), how it functions and is secreted within the body, and suggest strategies to prevent such challenges in a rapidly evolving societal landscape.

Keywords : Cortisol, Cognitive Impairment, AD, Hippocampal Damage.

References :

1. Katsu, Yoshinao, and Michael E. Baker. "Cortisol." Handbook of hormones. Academic Press, 2021. 947 949.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128206492002618
2. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 © 2024 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23005-adrenal-gland
3. Khorram, Omid. "DHEA: a hormone with multiple effects." Current opinion in obstetrics and gynecology 8.5 (1996): 351-354. https://journals.lww.com/co-obgyn/abstract/1996/10000/DHEA__a_hormone_with_multiple_effects.6.aspx
4. Nicolson Nancy A. Measurement of Cortisol., 03 - Luecken - 45370.qxd 7/6/2007 8:28 PM Page 37. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/3421931/Nicolson2007-Measurement_of_Cortisol-libre.pdf?1390831701=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DMeasurement_of_cortisol.pdf&Expires=1726687004&Signature=E7EC9rft-VGdF-xw0pFQ-W9ae4zf3DF0O620JkTpjq6ryjoQDsxACq3BVfie1Uyxy~qSReQaT0mHLhAAwpCfcGi7WlA7CqSKcHqqqyGL74Lfk8~zaOW8p9EdK03sIefcuC9GF2CzmB7p70E654ttf4URnP3Ks5lB7ZqI4TZdVkZnpVJYcoVmV1Bf-WwVr3DCIekOaPZ3Qe6xAulfaQkATwIre-UjIpv20dbb1UNazUoHyyISFZpnNf5lgNFex1tVzKk3tgJgNsDcHtsikMTR3zJ4ND~ycjb5PI5HDBRPFkob4VI3lQ3pCpOkLFpmQ-VYx7uEB-m9zfaiC~5qHJSx3g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
5. Law, R. and Clow, A., Stress, the cortisol awakening response and cognitive function., WestminsterResearch., vol. 150, pp. 187-217, 2020. Part of volume: Stress and Brain Health: Across the Life Course., https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074774220300015?via%3Dihub 
6. Juliana N. Souza-Talaricoa, b, Eliane C. Chavesa, Sonia J. Lupienc, Nitrinib Ricardo and Caramelli Paulo. Relationship Between Cortisol Levels and Memory Performance may be Modulated by the Presence or Absence of Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from Healthy Elderly, Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease Subjects. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 19 (2 010) 848 839 DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-1282 IOS Press. 9 September 2009. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juliana-Souza-Talarico/publication/41435621_Relationship_Between_Cortisol_Levels_and_Memory_Performance_may_be_Modulated_by_the_Presence_or_Absence_of_Cognitive_Impairment_Evidence_from_Healthy_Elderly_Mild_Cognitive_Impairment_and_Alzheimer%27s_/links/552680e60cf21e126f9de38c/Relationship-Between-Cortisol-Levels-and-Memory-Performance-may-be-Modulated-by-the-Presence-or-Absence-of-Cognitive-Impairment-Evidence-from-Healthy-Elderly-Mild-Cognitive-Impairment-and-Alzheimers.pdf
7. Sapolsky, Robert M., Lewis C. Krey, and Bruce S. McEwen. "The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis." Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2002.38 (2002): cp21-cp21. https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sageke.2002.38.cp21
8. De la Torre, J. C. "Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence." Stroke 33.4 (2002): 1152-1162. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.STR.0000014421.15948.67
9. Zheng, Bang, et al. "Cortisol hypersecretion and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Ageing research reviews 64 (2020): 101171. https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4667890/1/Revision_manuscript_clean%20version.pdf
10. Weiner, Myron F., et al. "Cortisol secretion and Alzheimer’s disease progression." Biological psychiatry 42.11 (1997): 1030-1038. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs
11. Ying-Dong Zhang, Jian-Song Zhou, Feng-Mei Lu, Xiao-Ping Wang., Reduced Gray matter volume in male adolescent violent offenders., Published September 3, 2019., https://peerj.com/articles/7349/
12. Moyers, Susette A., and Martin S. Hagger. "Physical activity and cortisol regulation: A meta-analysis." Biological psychology 179 (2023): 108548. https://escholarship.org/content/qt11x6944c/qt11x6944c_noSplash_fdda61fa33c37c3274487a0050cfcd30.pdf
13. Ah-Hyun Hyun, Yoo-Jeong Jeon. Effect of Mat Pilates on Body Fluid Composition, Pelvic Stabilization, and Muscle Damage during Pregnancy. December 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Effect-of-Pilates-exercise-on-cortisol-hormone-level-bars-represent-mean-SD-PE-n_fig1_347785886
14. Parker, Jordan, et al. "Food insecurity, poor diet, and metabolic measures: The roles of stress and cortisol." (2024). https://escholarship.org/content/qt2dm9g4pj/qt2dm9g4pj_noSplash_6f1cc6423cfdd58d550959d7f7fe3b76.pdf
15. Singh, Balvinder, and Neelesh Kumar Maurya. "The Cortisol Connection: Weight Gain and Stress Hormones." (2024). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Neelesh-Maurya/publication/379536675_The_Cortisol_Connection_Weight_Gain_and_Stress_Hormones/links/660d9ae6f5a5de0a9ff767e9/The-Cortisol-Connection-Weight-Gain-and-Stress-Hormones.pdf
16. Stachowicz, Marta, and Anna Lebiedzińska. "The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol." European Food Research and Technology 242 (2016): 2001-2009. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00217-016-2772-3
17. Stringham, Nicole Tressa, Philip V. Holmes, and James M. Stringham. "Supplementation with macular carotenoids reduces psychological stress, serum cortisol, and sub-optimal symptoms of physical and emotional health in young adults." Nutritional neuroscience 21.4 (2018): 286-296. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/James-Stringham/publication/313777143_Supplementation_with_macular_carotenoids_reduces_psychological_stress_serum_cortisol_and_sub-optimal_symptoms_of_physical_and_emotional_health_in_young_adults/links/5cd05c52a6fdccc9dd90fbbd/Supplementation-with-macular-carotenoids-reduces-psychological-stress-serum-cortisol-and-sub-optimal-symptoms-of-physical-and-emotional-health-in-young-adults.pdf
18. Bassett, Sarah M., et al. "Sleep quality but not sleep quantity effects on cortisol responses to acute psychosocial stress." Stress 18.6 (2015): 638-644. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/10253890.2015.1087503
19. Capaldi, II, Vincent F., et al. "Associations between sleep and cortisol responses to stress in children and adolescents: a pilot study." Behavioral sleep medicine 3.4 (2005): 177-192. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura-Stroud-2/publication/7573357_Associations_Between_Sleep_and_Cortisol_Responses_to_Stress_in_Children_and_Adolescents_A_Pilot_Study/links/5537bc6b0cf2058efdeae8b3/Associations-Between-Sleep-and-Cortisol-Responses-to-Stress-in-Children-and-Adolescents-A-Pilot-Study.pdf
20. Brand, Serge, et al. "Influence of mindfulness practice on cortisol and sleep in long-term and short-term meditators." Neuropsychobiology 65.3 (2012): 109-118. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54038023/Influence_of_Mindfulness_Practice_on_Cor20170802-2990-139x54u-libre.pdf?1501669037=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_Mindfulness_Practice_on_Cor.pdf&Expires=1728286626&Signature=hIyXlEntRZnUTpzGyiD7ZKUJwCWFVZhaMCJTNjFw~wHM-PFytzzvPeUq8E6LHnn39XQwlwWCHBZujGXmI0-B3GiKy9Lx0VOo1Kpj4ZNkJoK60yIO4uarQK30ZtHTEwf9TZakBPJqDUducTQ7-R7A4Ee~60roGB7x-cVTiUSkNBA9l5yHgt0HCBYcodKQFfAXMjQBEbzwO3jNgP75-tywrh35nETDZWg4A6pcoCaqiZztSBbxrKGEKBk52cYcj9EpSvPbXBfn6KCOjGwtl47CE9bzHygz7v2yHdEzrRC9iZ3uTFLU-70-y6NTiEa5mHwAM3B~2~iswGnvdhK47D5Bew__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
21. Koncz, Adam, Zsolt Demetrovics, and Zsofia K. Takacs. "Meditation interventions efficiently reduce cortisol levels of at-risk samples: a meta-analysis." Health psychology review 15.1 (2021): 56-84. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17437199.2020.1760727