Authors : Akwaras, Nndunno Asheku; Adeniyi, Olasupo Stephen; Saalu, Linus Chia; Ogli, Sunday Adakole; Adugba, Augustine Oko; Onahinon, Christian; Eru, Emmanuel; Inyang, Jenny Urobok

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mvdmv4ec

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/38u6z9uk

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN112

Abstract : Haematological indices, cytokines and growth factors are among the factors that impact inflammatory processes. The impact of obesity on gastric ulcer (GU) healing is not fully known. Natural products like garlic oil (GO) which may be readily available and accessible choice, especially for the less privileged population are worth studying as regards its effect on gastric ulcer healing. Male Wistar rats (80) weighing 120 g -140 g were randomly placed in 10 groups consisting eight each. Groups 1 to 5 were fed regular rat chow while groups 6 to 10 were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for eight weeks and weight were recorded weekly. By week 8, GU was induced with acetic acid in all rats except Groups 1 and 6 respectively. Rats in Group 2 and 7 were treated with normal saline (NS), Groups3, 4 and 5 were treated with 30mg/kg GO, 60mg/kg GO and 20mg/kg omeprazole respectively, while groups 8, 9 and 10 were likewise treated as above. Ulcer healing was assessed by measuring ulcer area by days 3 and 7 after ulcer induction. Ulcer area was significantly larger in obese group compared to negative control. Total white cell count was elevated in groups treated with garlic oil compared to normal control. GO increased level of interleukin-10, vascular epithelial growth factor and reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. We conclude that garlic oil is beneficial for gastric ulcer healing in obesity state.

Keywords : Heamatological Indices; Interleukin-10; Obese; Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha; Vascular Epithelial Growth Factor; Wistar Rats.

References :

1. A. Sivakumar and B. Stubbs, “Peptic ulcer disease”, InnovAiT, vol 14, issue 6, pp 372- 378, 2021.
2. S. S. Ithape, H. V. Kamble,  and S. A. Vaghmare, A review: etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of peptic ulcer. World J Pharm Res, vol 12 issue 19, pp 36–47,  2023.
3. K. Jaswanth, K. C. Kumar, and  P. Venkatesh, “A review on peptic ulcer”, UPI  J  Pharm Med  Health Sci, vol 5(1), pp 19–26, 2022
4. S. R. Gofur, A. Wulandari, A Ida, N. A. Siti, W. Fitri, and L. Agung, “Antiviral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: a systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data”, Biosaintifika, vol 11, pp 77–83, 2019.
5. A. Shang, C. Shi-Yu, X. Xiao-Yu, G. Ren-You, T. Guo-Yi, and H. C. Tang,  “Bioactive  compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L”. Foods, vol 8(7), pp  246–254, 2019.
6. M. H. Nguyen, T. N. M. Tran, and N. B. D Vu,  “Antifungal activity of essential oil encapsulated lipid nanoemulsions formulations against leaf spot disease on tomato caused by Alternaria alternata”, Arch. Phytopathol Plant Prot, vol 55, 235–257, 2022.
7. T. Verma, A. Aggarwal, P. Dey, A.K.  Chauhan, S. Rashid, and K. T.  Chen, et al, “ Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based  snack food: An updated review”, Front Nutr, vol 10,  pp 1–16, 2023. 
8. M. Aydın, “Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in obese adolescents”,  North Clin Istanb, vol 2(2), pp 87–91, 2015.
9. L. J. Goudswaard, L. J. Corbin, K. L. Burley, A. Mumford, P.  Akbari and N. Soranzo, “Higher body mass index raises immature platelet count: evidence from Mendelian randomization analyses”. Platelets, vol 33(6), pp 869–878, 2022.
10. H. M. Hameed, “Ameliorative effect of nano chromium on some hematological values and GLUT- 2 in rabbits fed a high-Fat diet”. Iraqi J Vet Sci, vol 37(4), 775-780, 2023.
11. F. Alia, M. R. A. A Syamsunarno, V.A. Sumirat, M.  Ghozali and N.  Atik,  “The  haematological profiles of high fat diet mice model with Moringa oleifera leaves ethanol extract treatment” , Biomed Pharmacol J, vol 12(4), 24-35, 2019.
12. Z. Doğan and M.  Kekilli, “Can neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio be a non-invasive indicator of the presence of duodenal ulcer related Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients?” Pract Lab Med, vol 36, e00319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2023.e00319, 2023.
13. A. F. Ajayi, and B. S. Olaleye, “ Age-related changes in haematological parameters and biochemical markers of healing in the stomach of rats with acetic acid induced injury”. Toxicol Rep, vol 7, 1272–1281, 2020.
14. A. Baradaran, H. Dehghanbanadaki, S. Naderpour, L. M. Pirkashani, and A. Rajabi,    “The association between Helicobacter pylori and obesity : a systematic review and meta ‑  analysis of case – control studies”. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, vol 7(15), 1–11, 2021.
15. E. B Novelli,  Y. S. Diniz, C. M.  Galhardi, M. X. Ebaid, H. G. Rodrigues and F.  Mani, “Anthropometrical parameters and markers of obesity in rats”,  Lab Anim, volume, vol 41(1), pp 111-119, 2007.
16. M. Ahmed, H. Wale, K. Garba, A. Sabo, Z. Hassan and A. Shugaba et al. “Body mass index of male and female Wistar rats following administration of leptin hormone after a dietary regime” Ann Bioanthropol, vol 5(1), 21–26, 2017.
17. Noordin, L., Nor, A. S., Nor, H. A. & Wan, A. N. (2021). Metabolic and pancreatic derangement in Type 2 diabetic rat, Int Med J Malays, vol 20 (4), 44-52.
18. R. Ohara, F. L. Dario, M. Tavares, R. Assunç, G.  Bueno and P. R. Raimundo, “Citral modulates MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities on healing of gastric ulcers associated with high-fat diet-induced obesity “, Int J Mol Sci, vol 24, 4888.  https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3390/ ijms24054888, 2023
19. M.P. Ciciliato, M.C. de Souza, C. M. Tarran, A. L. de Castilho, A. J. Vieira, and  A. L. Rozza, A. L. (2022), “Anti-inflammatory effect of vanillin protects the stomach against ulcer formation.” Pharmaceutics, vol 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ pharmaceutics14040755, 2022.
20. N. Ferrara, “The role of VEGF in the regulation of physiological and pathological Angiogenesis”, Angiogenesis, vol 20, 209–231, 2005.
21. N. Ferrara, “Vascular endothelial growth factor: Basic science and clinical progress”, Endocr Rev, vol 25, 581–611, 2004.
22. A.S. Tarnawski and A. Ahluwalia, “The critical role of growth factors in gastric ulcer cealing: Clinical implications”, Cells, vol 10(8). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390 /cells10081964, 2021.
23. J. Chai, D. Baatar and A. Tarnawski, “Serum response factor promotes re-epithelialization and muscular structure restoration during gastric ulcer healing”, Gastroenterology, vol 126, pp 1809–1818, 2004.
24. M. Levin-Arama, L. Abraham, T. Waner, A. Harmelin, D.M Steinberg and T. Lahav et al,   “Subcutaneous compared with intraperitoneal KetamineXylazine for anesthesia of   mice”,  J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sc: JAALAS, vol 55(6), pp 794–800, 2016.
25. L.A Licholai, K.P Nguyen, W.C. Fobbs, C.J. Schuster, M.A Ali, and A. V. Kravitz, “Why do mice overeat High-Fat Diets? How High-Fat Diet alters the regulation of  daily caloric intake in mice”,  Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), vol 26(6), pp 1026–1033.  https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22195, 2018.
26. I. Abi, S. O. Adeniyi, E. Abi, and M.U. Imam, “Chronic high fat diet induced weight gain, hyperglycaemia and cognitive impairment in albino mice”, Journal of Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice, vol 3 (3), 383 – 388, 2020.
27. O. S. Adeniyi, B. O. Emikpe and  S. B. Olaleye (2018). "Accelerated gastric ulcer healing in thyroxine-treated rats; roles of gastric acid, mucus and inflammatory response" Can J Physiol Pharmacol, vol 96 pp 597–602.
28. C. Tapking, S.H. Khosrow, V. G. Rontoyanni, G. Hundeshagen, K. Karl-Friedrich, C Hirche et  al (2019). “The influence of obesity on treatment and outcome of severely burned patients”, J  Burn Care Res, vol 40 (6), 996–1008, 2019.
29. R. Al-Kharabsheh, M. Ahmad, M. Al Soudi, and A. Al-Ramadneh, “Wound infection incidence and obesity in elective cesarean sections in Jordan” Med Arch (Sarajevo,  Bosnia and Herzegovina), vol 75(2), pp 138–143, 2021.
30. A. Alma, G.D. Marconi, E.  Rossi, C. Magnoni and  A. Paganelli,  “Obesity  and wound healing: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells”, Life, vol 717 (3). https://doi.org/ 10.3390/life13030717, 2023.
31. P. Khosla, R. S. Karan, and V. K. Bhargava, “Effect of garlic oil on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats”, Phytother Res, vol 18(1), pp 87–91, 2004.
32. I. J. Obiesie, B.N. Obinwa, D.K. Ogbuokiri, E. Okubike, O. Mmoto  and L. U. Onyedibe, Effect of allium sativum and aloe barbadensis on indomethacin induced stomach ulcer in male Wistar rats”,  World J Pharm Res, vol 11(1), pp 1757-1771, 2021.
33. E.S. Asiwe, P.C. Ejiogu, U.E. Enenebeaku, P.O. Opara, and O.M. Oguoma,  “ Alterations in haematological indices of indomethacin-ulcerated rats treated with Persea americana seed and  Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf ethyl acetate fraction”, GSC Biol Pharm Sci, vol 26(02), 222–229, 2024.
34. X. Cheng, C. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, L. Zhou, and Z. Lin,  “Effects of  different radical distal gastrectomy on postoperative inflammatory response and nutritional status in  patients with gastric cancer”, Front surg, vol 10, 1112473 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1112473, 2023.
35. A. Yoshimura, S. Ohnishi,  C. Orito, Y. Kawahara, H. T. Hiroyo, and H. Takeda, “Association of peripheral total and differential leukocyte counts with obesity related complications in young adults”. Obes Facts,  vol 8, 1–16, 2015.
36. S. Maysami, M.J. Haley, N. Gorenkova, et al, “ Prolonged diet-induced obesity in mice modifies the inflammatory response and leads to worse outcome after stroke”. J Neuroinflammation, vol 12, 140 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-015-0359-8, 2015.
37. E. J. Calabrese, “Hormesis and ginseng: ginseng mixtures and individual constituents commonly display hormesis dose responses, especially for neuroprotective effects” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(11), 2719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ molecules25112719, 2020
38. J.C. Purdy and J.J. Shatzel, “The hematologic consequences of obesity”, Eur J Haematol, vol 106(3), pp 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13560, 2021.
39. J. Bester, A.C.  Swanepoel and U. Windberger, “Editorial: pathological  changes in erythrocytes during inflammation and infection”,  Front Physiol. 13, 943114. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.943114
40. M.B. Fessler, K. Rose, Y. Zhang, R. Jaramillo, D.C. Zeldin, “Relationship between serum cholesterol and indices of erythrocytes and platelets in the US population”, J Lipid Res, 54(11), 3177–3188, 2013.
41. M. Kohsari, M. Moradinazar, Z.  Rahimi, F. Najafi, Y. Pasdar and A. Moradi, “Association between RBC indices, anemia, and obesity-related diseases affected by Body  Mass Index in Iranian Kurdish population: results from a cohort study in Western Iran. Int  J  Endocrinol, vol 2021, pp 1–13, 2021.
42. M. N. Barrachina, L.A. Morán, I. Izquierdo, F.F. Casanueva, M. Pardo and A. García,  “Analysis of platelets from a diet-induced obesity rat model: elucidating platelet dysfunction in obesity”, Sci Rep, vol 10(1), pp 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70162-3, 2020
43. F.A. Mohamed, N.M. Bahgat, G.M. Hamed and R.S.A Eisa, “Effect of  coconut oil administration on some hemostatic changes associated with obesity in  rats”, Egyptian J Hosp Med, vol 37, pp 630-643, 2009.
44. F. Shabbir, M. Hussain and T. A. Rajput, “Obesity; effect of high fat diet followed by atorvastatin administration on serum interleukin-6, white blood cell and platelet count in male and female Sprague dawley rats”, Professional Med J, vol 22(6), pp 683-389, 2015.
45. X. Qi, V.  De Stefano, X. Shao and X. Guo, “Thrombocytosis in a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding”, Intractable Rare Dis Res, vol 6(1), pp 69–71, 2017.
46. A. Margraf and  A. Zarbock,  “Platelets in inflammation and resolution”,  J Immunol, vol 203(9), pp 2357–2367, 2019.
47. J.D. Proto, A.C. Doran, G. Gusarova, A. Yurdagul, E. Sozen and M. Subramanian, et al “Regulatory T cells promote macrophage efferocytosis during inflammation resolution” Immunity, vol 49(4), pp 666-677.e6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.015, 2018
48. B. Linke, Y. Schreiber, B. Picard-Willems, P. Slattery, R.M. Nüsing and S. Harder et al, “Activated platelets induce an anti-inflammatory response of monocytes/macrophages through cross-regulation of PGE2 and cytokines” Mediators  Inflamm, vol 2017, 1–15,  2017.
49. H.H Arab, S.A. Salama, H.A. Omar, E.S.A. Arafa and I. A. Maghrabi, “Diosmin protects against ethanol-induced gastric injury in rats: Novel anti-ulcer actions”, PLoS ONE, vol 10(3), pp 1–21, 2015
50. H. Izhar, A. Shabbir, M.  Shahzad, A. Mobashar and S. S. Ahmed, “Phyllanthus reticulatus prevents ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via downregulation of IL-8 and TNF- α levels”, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, vol 2021, pp 8–10, 2021.
51. N. Munkong, P. Lonan, W.  Mueangchang, N. Yadyookai, V Kanjoo and B. Yoysungnoen, Red rice bran extract attenuates adipogenesis and inflammation on white adipose  tissues in High-Fat Diet-Induced obese mice. Foods, vol 11(13), 1–12, 2022. 
52. H, Kondo, I, Abe, K. Gotoh, A. Fukui, H. Takanari and Y. Ishii, “Interleukin 10 treatment ameliorates high-fat diet-induced inflammatory atrial remodeling and fibrillation”. Circ Arrhythm  Electrophysiol, vol 11(5), pp 40-52, 2018.
53. K. Takahashi, H. Bujo, N. Hashimoto and Y. Saito, Y, “Elevated serum vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with visceral fat accumulation in human obese subjects” Diabetol, vol 46, pp 1483–1488, 2003.