Authors : Palak; Akanksha Sharma; Sanjiv Duggal

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3yn2p56x

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5dwp9tvu

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr1693

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Pharmacogenomics is an emerging field that studies how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs, with the aim of optimizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse drug reactions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacogenomics, beginning with its fundamental concepts and historical background, followed by an exploration of genetic factors involved in drug metabolism. It highlights the role of genetic polymorphisms in determining variability in drug response, including differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among individuals. The importance of pharmacogenomic testing, including genotyping and sequencing techniques, is discussed in the context of personalized medicine. Furthermore, the review examines the clinical applications of pharmacogenomics in various fields such as oncology, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatry, and infectious diseases, along with key examples of pharmacogenomic drugs like warfarin, clopidogrel, and abacavir. The advantages of pharmacogenomics, including improved drug safety and efficacy, are outlined alongside current limitations such as ethical concerns, high costs, and technical challenges. Finally, future perspectives focusing on advancements in genomic technologies, artificial intelligence, and wider clinical implementation are discussed. Overall, pharmacogenomics represents a crucial step toward precision medicine, offering the potential to revolutionize healthcare by enabling individualized drug therapy.

Keywords : Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics, Personalized Medicine, Genetic Polymorphism.

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