Authors :
John Chark L. Niñofranco; Roger M. Betasolo Jr.; Janine T. Betuin; Joselito Y. Bulabos; Princess Jeebeth P. Celades; Jairah M. Espina; Pau Benedick M. Ngoho; Arleigh Jen L. Logaos; Julyana Althea R. Reserva; Kasandra Ken T. Torrejos
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 2 - February
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/2rwu8r4s
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/33pksrbk
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26feb1084
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
This study focuses on the development and performance evaluation of SanitiBot, a sensor-activated restroom
hygiene system designed to detect dirt and apply targeted cleaning to restroom surfaces automatically. The study presented
the finalized system specifications and evaluated performance in terms of system reliability, sensor responsiveness, detection
accuracy, actuator efficiency, and system integration stability. A research and development design, supported by descriptive,
quantitative, and qualitative approaches, was employed. The study was conducted at San Agustin National High School in
Sagbayan, Bohol, where the prototype was installed in a pre-approved restroom testing environment. Data were gathered
using observation checklists, performance testing record sheets, and daily monitoring logs completed by the researchers.
Pilot testing was conducted before the main testing phase to ensure the consistency and reliability of the research
instruments. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive performance metrics. The results showed that the overall
performance of SanitiBot was rated Good, with a composite mean of 2.8. System reliability, sensor responsiveness, detection
accuracy, and system integration stability received good ratings, while actuator efficiency was rated Fair. The system
demonstrated stable operation and reliable automated cleaning responses during the testing period. Despite limitations such
as environmental factors, limited testing scope, and short testing duration, the findings indicate that SanitiBot is a functional
and promising sanitation system for school restrooms and may serve as a basis for further development.
Keywords :
SanitiBot, Sensor-Activated Restroom System, System Performance, Automated Sanitation, Research and Development
References :
- Boone, S. A., Childress, N. D., Silva-Beltrán, N. P., McKinney, J., Ijaz, M. K., & Gerba, C. P. (2025). Impact of Different Toilet Cleaning/Disinfecting Regimens on Reducing the Risk of Exposure to Toilet-Borne Pathogens in American Household Restrooms. Hygiene, 5(2), 22–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene5020022
- Chtita, S., El majid, B., & Motahhir, S. (Eds.). (2024). Automated cleaning of solar panels using a three-rotor drone. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-024-00666-1
- Duijster, D., Monse, B., Marquez, M., Pakes, U., Stauf, N., & Benzian, H. (2022). Improving Toilet Usability and Cleanliness in Public Schools in the Philippines Using a Packaged Operation and Maintenance Intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 10059. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610059
- Escudero-Mancebo, D., Fernández-Villalobos, N., Martín-Llorente, Ó., & Martínez-Monés, A. (2023). Research methods in engineering design: a synthesis of recent studies using a systematic literature review. Research in Engineering Design. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00163-022-00406-y
- Grella, M., Allochis, D., Marucco, P., & Balsari, P. (2022). Assessment of External Sprayer Cleaning Efficiency by Comparing Different Cleaning Devices, Sprayer Tank Materials and Operators. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2(9), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-980924_14
- Hasib, A., Hossain Apu, M. S., Rahman, A., Rana, M. M., & Hossen, R. (2025). An IoT‑integrated autonomous fire extinguishing and surveillance robot development using smart camera module. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Next‑Generation Computing, IoT and Machine Learning (NCIM). https://doi.org/10.1109/ncim65934.2025.11160079
- Lee, K., Shin, U., & Lee, B.-U. (2024). Learning to Control Camera Exposure via Reinforcement Learning. Thecvf.com, 2975–2983. https://doi.org/10.3817/jwh-2024-7162
- Lin, C.-C., Günzel, M., Shi, J., Seidl, T. T., Chen, K.-H., & Chen, J.-J. (2024). Eliminating Timing Anomalies in Scheduling Periodic Segmented Self-Suspending Tasks with Release Jitter. ArXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.09061
- Lin, Z. (2025). Smart Cleaning System VisionSweep. Applied and Computational Engineering, 138(1), 4855. https://doi.org/10.54254/27552721/2025.21184
- Magistretti, S., Dell’Era, C., Verganti, R., & Bianchi, M. (2021). The contribution of Design Thinking to the R of R&D in technological innovation. R&D Management, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12478
- Mahmood, A., & Szabolcsi, R. (2025). A systematic review on risk management and enhancing reliability in autonomous vehicles. Machines, 13(8), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13080646
- Mote, H. (2025). Automatic solar panel cleaning system. Automatic Solar Panel Cleaning System, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.54254/2755‑2721/2025.2004
- National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979, April 18). The Belmont report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html
- National Privacy Commission. (2012). Republic Act 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012. National Privacy Commission. https://privacy.gov.ph/data-privacyact/
- Murshiduzzaman, N., As’arry, A., Lim, W. K., Yusoff, M., Salit, M. S., Supeni, E. E., Zuha, W., & Yussof, H. (2025). Analysis of an automated solar panel cleaning robot on photovoltaics (PV) module frames with composite materials. Physical Sciences Reviews, 5(23). https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2024-0032
- Ombay, G. (2022). Health expert asks gov’t for better public toilet, water systems amid rising cholera cases. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/848302/healthexpert-asks-gov-t-for-better-public-toilet-water-systems-amid-risingcholera-cases/story/
- Arévalo, P. (2024). Deployment of Automated Hole Cleaning Advisor Increases Adoption of Drilling Automation Applications at a Global Scale. https://doi.org/10.2118/222763-ms
- Padilla, R., Netto, S. L., & da Silva, E. A. B. (2020). A survey on performance metrics for object‑detection algorithms. In 2020 International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP) (pp. 237–242). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWSSIP48289.2020
- Rupert, L., Saunders, B. O., & Killpack, M. D. (2021). Performance Metrics for Fluidic Soft Robot Rotational Actuators. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.632835
- Qiao, Z., Xiaochang, D., & Wei, T. (2020). An adaptive random experiment design method for engineering experiment. ArXiv.org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.13581
- Samarathunga, W., Kurimoto, Y., & Ransen, R. (2025). Developing A Cylinder Pump with Self-Cleaning Anti-Clog Pulse Flow, Finding Optimum Purity for Anti-Clog Pulse Based on Mosquito Swarm Optimization. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6(2), 915–918. https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2025.6.2.915-918
- Shkalim Zemer, V., Cohen, H. A., Richenberg, Y., Gerstein, M., Atias, I., Gur, S., Laks, Y., Levinsky, Y., Dvir, O., Brown, I., Cohen, M., & Ben Meir, D. (2023). Personal hygiene, environmental conditions, and toilet use of children in primary schools: A cohort study. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 19(6), S1477-5131(23)002322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.06.004
- The Lawphil Project. (1975). P.D. No. 856. Lawphil.net. https://lawphil.net/statutes/presdecs/ pd1975/pd_856_1975.html p
- Wada, O. Z., Amusa, A. O., Asaolu, F. T., Akinyemi, D. O., & Oloruntoba, E. O. (2022). School Sanitation-Related Psychosocial Stressors among Nigerian Students. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 106(2), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0686
- Wang, P., Yang, W.-A., & You, Y. (2022). A cyber-physical prototype system in augmented reality using RGB-D camera for CNC machining simulation. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 34(8), 3637–3658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-022-02021-z
- World Health Organization. (2024). Sanitation. WHO; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation
- Zemer, V. S., Cohen, H. A., Richenberg, Y., Gerstein, M., Atias, I., Gur, S., … & Ben Meir, D. (2023). Personal hygiene, environmental conditions, and toilet use of children in primary schools: A cohort study. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 19(5 Suppl), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2023.06.004
This study focuses on the development and performance evaluation of SanitiBot, a sensor-activated restroom
hygiene system designed to detect dirt and apply targeted cleaning to restroom surfaces automatically. The study presented
the finalized system specifications and evaluated performance in terms of system reliability, sensor responsiveness, detection
accuracy, actuator efficiency, and system integration stability. A research and development design, supported by descriptive,
quantitative, and qualitative approaches, was employed. The study was conducted at San Agustin National High School in
Sagbayan, Bohol, where the prototype was installed in a pre-approved restroom testing environment. Data were gathered
using observation checklists, performance testing record sheets, and daily monitoring logs completed by the researchers.
Pilot testing was conducted before the main testing phase to ensure the consistency and reliability of the research
instruments. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive performance metrics. The results showed that the overall
performance of SanitiBot was rated Good, with a composite mean of 2.8. System reliability, sensor responsiveness, detection
accuracy, and system integration stability received good ratings, while actuator efficiency was rated Fair. The system
demonstrated stable operation and reliable automated cleaning responses during the testing period. Despite limitations such
as environmental factors, limited testing scope, and short testing duration, the findings indicate that SanitiBot is a functional
and promising sanitation system for school restrooms and may serve as a basis for further development.
Keywords :
SanitiBot, Sensor-Activated Restroom System, System Performance, Automated Sanitation, Research and Development