Authors :
Sanjana Shankar; Aastha Govind Shirodker; Bharti Pathania
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/5dxj697v
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/5bs7ymd6
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul302
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Aim- This study aims to examine the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and tactile perception development, and its impact on the psychosocial development of children. Background- Touch is the first sense to develop in a fetus, due to which tactile perception holds primary importance in development. Tactile receptors are fired upon experiencing different kinds of touch, such as affective (affectionate) touch, functional touch, firm touch, rough handling, etc., which facilitates tactile perception development. Lack of exposure to affective touch has adverse effects on holistic development, resulting in potential impairments in sensory perception. Methodology- This paper follows a conceptual review methodology. Studies were scouted from different research databases such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, etc., using keywords such as ‘parent-child relationship’, ‘sensory modulation’, ‘emotional availability’, ‘affective touch’, etc. The findings were synthesized to develop a conceptual framework, representing the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and altered sensory processing. Results and Discussion- Touch deprivation was identified to be the leading cause of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety in adolescents, as well as problems associated with sensory processing, perception of affective touch, and attachment. Conclusion- Despite the presence of methodological constraints, the implications of the proposed framework may be profound in terms of designing interventions, in the context of tactile sensory perception and impairment.
Keywords :
Childhood Experiences, Emotional Unavailability, Tactile Perception.
References :
- Bremner, A. J. (2020). The Development of Touch Perception and Body Representation. Cambridge University Press EBooks, 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108351959.009
- Abraira, V. E., & Ginty, D. D. (2013). The sensory neurons of touch. Neuron, 79(4), 618–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.051
- Lange, J. (2022). Sensory Modalities and General Senses. Medicine LibreTexts. https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Human_Anatomy_(Lange_et_al.)/13%3A_Somatic_Senses/13.02%3A_Sensory_Modalities_and_General_Senses
- Stiefel, K. M., & Holcombe, A. O. (2014). Neurocomputation and Coding in the Claustrum. Elsevier EBooks, 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-404566-8.00006-4
- Kaas, J. H. (1995). Somatosensory system. International Centre for Theoretical Physics. https://indico.ictp.it/event/a02295/contribution/36/material/0/0.pdf
- Benoit, B., Boerner, K., Campbell-Yeo, M., & Chambers, C. (2016). The Power of Human Touch for Babies. Canadian Association for Paediatric Health Centres. https://www.blossomandberry.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/The_Power_of_Human_Touch_for_Babies.pdf
- Souza, R. A. S., Cavalcante, E. V. V., Macedo, C. A., Freitas, S. G., Figueiredo, A. T. P., Alves, S. A., Silva, T. C. A. C., de Albuquerque Souza, G. F., & Alves, J. G. (2019). The impact of maternal touch of the abdomen on cardiotocography fetal patterns. Brain and behavior, 9(8), e01345. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1345
- Kisilevsky, B. S., Muir, D. W., & Low, J. A. (1992). Maturation of human fetal responses to vibroacoustic stimulation. Child Development, 63, 1497–1508. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131571
- Montagu, A. (1984). The skin, touch, and human development. Clinics in Dermatology, 2(4), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(84)90043-9
- Feldman, R. (2011). The Relevance of Touch for Development and Health. Ruth Feldman Lab. https://ruthfeldmanlab.com/wpcontent/uploads/2019/06/touch-and-the-developing-infant.chapter.proofs.pdf
- Field, T. (2010). Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review. Developmental Review, 30(4), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001
- Bellieni, C. V., Cordelli, D. M., Marchi, S., Ceccarelli, S., Perrone, S., Maffei, M., & Buonocore, G. (2007). Sensorial saturation for neonatal analgesia. Clinical Journal of Pain, 23, 219–221. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802e3bd7
- Harlow, H. F. (1959). Love in Infant Monkeys. Scientific American, 200(6), 68-75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26309508
- Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13(12), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047884
- Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1945;1:53–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126
- Zhou, X., Huang, J., Qin, S., Tao, K., & Ning, Y. (2023). Family intimacy and adolescent peer relationships: investigating the mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating role of self-identity. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1165830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165830
- Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Fincham, F. D., Hicks, J. A., & Graham S. M. (2010). Family as a salient source of meaning in young adulthood. J. Posit. Psychol. 5, 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.516616
- Ranson, K. E., & Urichuk, L. J. (2008). The effect of parent–child attachment relationships on child biopsychosocial outcomes: a review. Early Child Development and Care, 178(2), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430600685282
- Clark, E. L. M., Jiao, Y., Sandoval, K., & Biringen, Z. (2021). Neurobiological Implications of Parent-Child Emotional Availability: A Review. Brain sciences, 11(8), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081016
- Grych, J. H. & Fincham, F. D. (2001). Interparental conflict and child development: theory, research, and applications. Cambridge University Press.
- Sanvictores, T., & Mendez, M. D. (2022). Types of Parenting Styles and Effects on Children. National Library of Medicine; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568743/
- Espada, J. (2025). Exploring the Influence of Childhood Experiences with Physical Touch on Parenting Styles: A Cross-Generational Analysis. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Legal Studies, 374–386. https://doi.org/10.34104/ajssls.025.03740386
- Bremner, A. J., & Spence, C. (2017). The Development of Tactile Perception. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 52, 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2016.12.002
- Longa, D. L., & Farroni, T. (2025). Touching Emotions: How Touch Shapes Facial Emotional Processing Among Adolescents and Young Adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, 22(7), 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071112
- Hugill, K. (2015). The senses of touch and olfaction in early mother–infant interaction. Journal of Health Visiting, 3(12), 654–658. https://doi.org/10.12968/johv.2015.3.12.654
- Takeuchi, M. S., Miyaoka, H., Tomoda, A., Suzuki, M., Liu, Q., & Kitamura, T. (2009). The Effect of Interpersonal Touch During Childhood on Adult Attachment and Depression: A Neglected Area of Family and Developmental Psychology. J Child Fam Stud 19, 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9290-x
- Field, T. (1994). The Effects of Mother’s Physical and Emotional Unavailability on Emotion Regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2/3), 208. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166147
- Addabbo, M., Licht, V., & Turati, C. (2021). Past and present experiences with maternal touch affect infants’ attention toward emotional faces. Infant Behavior and Development, 63, 101558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101558
- Flacking, R., Lehtonen, L., Thomson, G., Axelin, A., Ahlqvist, S., Moran, V. H., Ewald, U., Dykes, F., & Separation and Closeness Experiences in the Neonatal Environment (SCENE) group (2012). Closeness and separation in neonatal intensive care. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 101(10), 1032–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02787.x
- Perry, B. D. (2002). Childhood Experience and the Expression of Genetic Potential: What Childhood Neglect Tells Us About Nature and Nurture. Brain and Mind 3, 79–100 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016557824657
- Spear, L. P. (2013). Adolescent Neurodevelopment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), S7–S13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.006
- Perry, B. D. (2000). Traumatized children: how childhood trauma influences brain development. J. California Alliance Mentally Ill. 2000; 11: 48–51.
- Winston, R., & Chicot, R. (2016). The importance of early bonding on the long-term mental health and resilience of children. London Journal of Primary Care, 8(1), 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17571472.2015.1133012
- Calkins, S. D., & Hill, A. (2006). Caregiver influences on emerging emotion regulation: Biological and environmental transactions in early development. In J. J. Gross (Ed.) Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 606–615). New York: Guildford Press.
- Fairhurst, M. T., McGlone, F., & Croy, I. (2022). Affective touch: a communication channel for social exchange. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 43, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.07.007
- Gordon, I., Voos, A. C., Bennett, R. H., Bolling, D. Z., Pelphrey, K. A., & Kaiser, M. D. (2011). Brain mechanisms for processing affective touch. Human Brain Mapping, 34(4), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21480
- Easterbrooks, M. A., Chaudhuri, J. H., & Gestsdottir, S. (2005). Patterns of emotional availability among young mothers and their infants: A dyadic, contextual analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(4), 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.20057
- Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (2006). Impact of Hostility and Withdrawal in Interparental Conflict on Parental Emotional Unavailability and Children's Adjustment Difficulties. Child Development, 77(6), November/December 2006, Pages 1623–1641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00963.x
- Turjeman-Levi, Y., & Kluger, A. N. (2022). Sensory-processing sensitivity versus the sensory-processing theory: Convergence and divergence. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010836
- Fox, N. A., Henderson, H. A., Marshall, P. J., Nichols, K. E., & Ghera, M. M. (2005). Behavioral Inhibition: Linking Biology and Behavior within a Developmental Framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 235–262. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532
- Stern, D. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books.
- Preisler, G. (2004). Sensory Deficits. In Blackwell Handbook of Infant Development. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470996348
- Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345
- Zingaretti, P., Petta, A. M., Cruciani, G., & Spitoni, G. F. (2019). Tactile sensitivity, tactile acuity, and affective touch: from childhood to early adolescence. Somatosensory & Motor Research, 36(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2019.1604334
- Haugaard, J. J. (2004). Recognizing and Treating Uncommon Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents Who Have Been Severely Maltreated: Dissociative Disorders. Child Maltreatment, 9(2), 146–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559504264311
- Krause, E. D., Mendelson, T., & Lynch, T. R. (2003). Childhood emotional invalidation and adult psychological distress: the mediating role of emotional inhibition. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00536-7
- Kuo, J. R., Khoury, J. E., Metcalfe, R., Fitzpatrick, S., & Goodwill, A. (2015). An examination of the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder features: The role of difficulties with emotion regulation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 39(39), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.008
- Dozois, D. J. A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). Cognitive Schemas, Beliefs and Assumptions. Risk Factors in Depression, 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-045078-0.00006-x
- Boutyline, A., & Soter, L. K. (2021). Cultural Schemas: What They Are, How to Find Them, and What to Do Once You’ve Caught One. American Sociological Review, 86(4), 728–758. https://doi.org/10.1177/00031224211024525
- Sójta, K., & Strzelecki, D. (2023). Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Impact on Parenting: Do Dysfunctional Schemas Pass Generationally?—A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(4), 1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041263
- Young, J. E. (1994). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (rev. ed.) Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
- Baykal, B. N., & Çınar, E. S. (2022). Understanding Early Maladaptive Schemas Formation with Traumatic Experiences in Childhood: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2088320
- Basso, L. A., Fortes, A. B., Maia, C. P. E., Steinhorst, E., & Wainer, R. (2019). The effects of parental rearing styles and early maladaptive schemas in the development of personality: a systematic review. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 41(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0118
- Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C., Linehan, P. M. M., & Bohus, P. M. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet. 2004;364(9432):453–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16770-6
- Löffler, A., Kleindienst, N., Neukel, C., Bekrater-Bodmann, R. & Flor, H. (2022). Pleasant touch perception in borderline personality disorder and its relationship with disturbed body representation. bord personal disord emot dysregul 9, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-021-00176-4
- Waqas, M., Hussain, Z., Ibrahimi, I., & Majid, A. (2024). Investigating how Childhood Bonding Patterns Influence Adult Behavior and Intimacy. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v7i4.425
- Björnsdotter, M., Gordon, I., Pelphrey, K. A., Olausson, H., & Kaiser, M. D. (2014). Development of brain mechanisms for processing affective touch. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00024
Aim- This study aims to examine the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and tactile perception development, and its impact on the psychosocial development of children. Background- Touch is the first sense to develop in a fetus, due to which tactile perception holds primary importance in development. Tactile receptors are fired upon experiencing different kinds of touch, such as affective (affectionate) touch, functional touch, firm touch, rough handling, etc., which facilitates tactile perception development. Lack of exposure to affective touch has adverse effects on holistic development, resulting in potential impairments in sensory perception. Methodology- This paper follows a conceptual review methodology. Studies were scouted from different research databases such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, etc., using keywords such as ‘parent-child relationship’, ‘sensory modulation’, ‘emotional availability’, ‘affective touch’, etc. The findings were synthesized to develop a conceptual framework, representing the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and altered sensory processing. Results and Discussion- Touch deprivation was identified to be the leading cause of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety in adolescents, as well as problems associated with sensory processing, perception of affective touch, and attachment. Conclusion- Despite the presence of methodological constraints, the implications of the proposed framework may be profound in terms of designing interventions, in the context of tactile sensory perception and impairment.
Keywords :
Childhood Experiences, Emotional Unavailability, Tactile Perception.