Authors : Ruhumbika Wegoro; Dr. Clarance Paul; Brian Kamoga

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 5 - May

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/7jzfxzds

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/56868jh2

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26May227

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Groundwater is a critical water resource in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in semi-arid regions such as Liwale District, Tanzania, where surface water availability is unreliable. However, groundwater quality varies significantly due to geological formations and hydrogeological processes, posing potential health risks to communities relying on boreholes. This study assesses the spatial distribution of groundwater quality and its suitability for human consumption in Liwale District. A total of 41 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for 22 physicochemical parameters. Spatial variations were mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and a Piper Diagram was employed to characterize hydrochemical facies. Results revealed significant spatial variability: pH ranged from 4.6 to 8.23 (mean 6.90), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranged from 164 to 5,458 µS/cm (mean 1,143.81 µS/cm), indicating moderate to high mineralization. While most parameters remained within permissible limits, localized exceedances were observed for Total Hardness (4–1,316 mg/L), Iron (up to 1.5 mg/L), and Manganese (up to 1.1 mg/L). The study identifies mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and water–rock interactions as the primary drivers of groundwater chemistry. Although most sources are suitable for domestic use, identified localized areas of low suitability require site-specific water treatment and informed management to protect public health and ensure sustainable water resource planning.

Keywords : GIS Mapping; Groundwater Quality; Groundwater Suitability; Hydrochemical Facies; Water–Rock Interaction; Tanzania.

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