Authors : Jennifer De Los Reyes; Julius Aguilar; Khryzyl Bray E. Dequilla; Charizza J. Eusebio; Richman Z. Flores; Larah Grace H. Garcia; Christian Andrei B. Guballa; Carlo Agustine P. Layson; James Reniel D. Parreño; Joseph Robert P. Jo

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4m53rnky

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5n858edd

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr032

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This study examined spoilage management practices and financial performance among small-scale greengrocers using a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design. Eighty- nine greengrocers, 65 vegetable and 24 fruit vendors, were randomly sampled. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire alongside an adopted standardized instrument. Descriptive statistics were presented using means and standard deviations, while inferential analyses employed Independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, Spearman’s rank correlation, and Multiple linear regression. Results showed that spoilage management practices were generally great, with procurement and handling rated very great, transportation and storage rated great, but disposal practices were notably low. The overall financial performance was high, and similar high result was found in sales and cost, but profit obtained low result. The extent of spoilage management practices was found to be great across profile variables when categorized by nature of product, capitalization, and years of business operation. Similarly, the level of financial performance remained high across these same categories. Furthermore, inferential analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in spoilage management practices among small-scale greengrocers when grouped according to their business profile. Financial performance did not differ significantly when grouped by capitalization and years of business operation. However, a statistically significant difference in financial performance was observed based on the nature of the product. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between spoilage management practices and financial performance. The regression analysis indicated that business profile variables did not significantly predict financial performance. Hence, spoilage management practices and business profile were found to have no significant effect on the financial performance of small-scale greengrocers.

Keywords : Spoilage Management Practices, Financial Performance, Business Profile Variables, Small-Scale Greengrocers, and Bacolod City.

References :

1. Abitria, K. A. S. (2024). The operation management practices of night market vendors in selected cities and municipalities in the province of albay. IJFMR240527345, 6(5). https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2024/5/27345.pdf
2. Abu, S. (2024). A study on essential of effective transportation system for supply chain efficiency, cost reduction and enhancing customer satisfaction. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11124157
3. AESAN Scientific Committee (2023). (Working group) Marín, S., Alonso, C., Fernández, P., Franco, C.M., Hernando, I., Valero, A. y Gil, M.I. Informe del Comité Científico de la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) sobre aquellas frutas y hortalizas que presentan un riesgo de deterioro cuando se presentan para su venta al consumidor a granel. Revista del Comité Científico de la AESAN, 2023, 37, pp: 89-104.
4. Aisyah, E. N., & Umami, A. K. (2022). Financial Factors Contribution to SMEsâ€^TM Profitability. Journal of Business & Banking, 12(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.14414/jbb.v12i1.2956
5. Al-Dairi, M., Pathare, P. B., Rashid Al-Yahyai, & Opara, U. L. (2022). Mechanical damage of fresh produce in postharvest transportation: Current status and future prospects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 124, 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.018N
6. Alegbeleye, O., Odeyemi, O. A., Strateva, M., & Stratev, D. (2022). Microbial spoilage of vegetables, fruits and cereals. Applied Food Research, 2(1), 100122–100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100122
7. Al Habsyi, S., Suharman, H., & Handoyo, S. 2021. Effect of GRC and Intellectual Capital on Company Performance. JRAK, 13(2), 106–112.
8. Al Hayek, M.A. (2018). The Relationship Between Sales Revenue and Net Profit with Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities in Jordanian Industrial Joint Stock Companies. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences 8 (3): 149-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v8-i3/4757
9. ‌Ali-Momoh, B. O., Elkanah, E., Ademola, O., Olusola, M. O., & Mamidu, A. I. (2015). Cost control and financial performance: an empirical investigation of selected quoted manufacturing firms in nigeria. The Journal of Accounting and Management, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6583/2015.04.001
10. Alfie, A. (2024). Food waste statistics - 2024. Waste management services | recycling | waste managed. https://www.wastemanaged.co.uk/our-news/food-waste/food-waste-facts-statistics/
11. Alsbu, R. A. S., Yarlagadda, P., & Karim, A. (2023). An Empirical Model for Predicting the Fresh Food Quality Changes during Storage. Foods, 12(11), 2113. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12112113
12. Alsharafat, A., Aldeseit, B., Hasan, H. A., Shawaqfeh, S., & Abu Salma, B. M. (2024). The impact of adopting sustainability practices on the economic and financial performance of fruit production. Jerash University. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10683365
13. Amaechi, G., Odike, O., & Oluchi, E. O. (2024). Antimicrobial activity of xylopia aethiopica extract on microorganisms associated with the spoilage of vegetables in mile 3 market, port harcourt nigeria. Microbiology Research Journal International, 34(12), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2024/v34i121524
14. Amahalu, N., Okoye, E. I., Nweze, C., Chinyere, O., & Christian, O. (2017). Effect of capital adequacy on financial performance of quoted deposit money banks in nigeria. Ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039292
15. Ameer, R., & Othman, R. (2011). Sustainability practices and corporate financial performance: a study based on the top global corporations. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1063-y
16. Angelia, N., Kumalasari, D., & Christiawan, Y. J. (2021). The effect of sales growth and independent commissioner’s supervision on financial performance: the moderating role of corporate social responsibility. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211124.037
17. Arbelo, A., Arbelo-Pérez, M., & Pérez-Gómez, P. (2020). Profit efficiency as a measure of performance and frontier models: a resource-based view. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 24(2), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/2340944420924336
18. Arief, H., Chau, C., Saratian, E. T. P., & Soelton, M. (2023). The influence of sales growth, profitability and activity on financial distress. Judicious | Journal of Management, Vol. 4 No. 1. https://doi.org/10.37010/jdc.v4i1
19. Arisena, K. (2021). Marketing of vegetables through e-commerce in Bali Province. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian; Institute of Research and Community Services Diponegoro University (LPPM UNDIP). https://www.academia.edu/57681178/Marketing_of_Vegetables_Through_E_Commerce_in_Bali_Province
20. Aslund, A. (2013). How Capitalism was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Cambridge University Press, New York. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139207850.10.1017/CBO9781139207850
21. Augustin, M. A., Sanguansri, L., Fox, E. M., Cobiac, L., & Cole, M. B. (2020). Recovery of wasted fruit and vegetables for improving sustainable diets. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2020; 95:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.010
22. Banik, S. (2017). Small scale industries in india: opportunities and challenges. IJCRT, Volume 6, Issue 1, p. 337. Ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3148089
23. Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
24. Barth, M., Hankinson, T. R., Zhuang, H., & Breidt, F. (2022). Microbiological Spoilage of Fruits and Vegetables. In Compendium of the Microbiological Spoilage of Foods and Beverages (pp. 135–183). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0826-1_6
25. Basch, R. J. (2017). Capitalization strategies for small business sustainability - ProQuest. Proquest.com. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b1cf9e6fd87a4efeaa51eec1a0802eac/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
26. Bayogan, E. V., Urquiola, M. A. J., Secretaria , L. B., Bello , D. D., & Sampiano , K. F. S. (2023). Loss assessment of fruit and vegetables in selected public markets in Davao del Sur, Bukidnon, and Cagayan de Oro. Cgiar.org. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/items/f55b4739-1516-4cf6-87e4-37f43d99e44e
27. Boakye, M. K., Tornyi, J. M., Dzubey, I., Adzoyi, P., Ayimah, J. C., Boakye, D. S., & Wiafe, E. D. (2023). Assessment of food hygiene and safety knowledge, attitude, and practices of fruit and vegetable vendors in the Ho central market, Ghana. Heliyon, 9(9), e19579–e19579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19579
28. Bokhari, S. A. A. (2022). An empirical examination of the impact of initial capital, prior experience, and r&d on smes’ survival and economic performance: moderating role of innovation culture. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.53703/001c.36937
29. Boufous, S., Hudson, D., & Carpio, C.  (2023).  Farmers’ willingness to adopt sustainable agricultural practices: A meta-analysis. PLOS Sustain Transform, 2(1), e0000037. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000037
30. Brigham, E. F., & Houston, J. F. (2013). H-form ise 202 course information: code and title: ise 202 financial management for engineering. https://pnu.edu.sa/en/Faculties/EN/Documents/H%20form-from%20ISE%20202.pdf
31. Brito, L. A. L., & Sauan, P. K. (2016). Management practices as capabilities leading to superior performance. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-7692bar2016160004
32. Brunner, P. H., & Helmut Rechberger. (2015). Waste to energy – key element for sustainable waste management. Waste Management, 37, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.02.003
33. Buhion, R. P., Barrion, A. S., & Lanorio, M. C. (2024). Fruit and vegetable waste characteristics and management practices at pasig mega market in Pasig City, Philippines. International Journal on Food Agriculture and Natural Resources, 5(1), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v5i1.233
34. Buison, J.V., Cantero, A.K., De La Cruz, G., Guarin, Z., Lazarte, C., Magbanua, C., Mijares, C., Operiano, R., Ubamos, M., & Villanueva, A. (2023). Financing activities and financial performance of small-scale fisheries [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University-Fortune Towne].
35. Caliat, C. J., Abestano, M. L., Daham, A.-R. J., & Jumaide, F. J. J. (2024). Exploring The Pricing Strategies of Vegetables Vendors. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 10(10), 1–1. https://eprajournals.com/IJMR/article/14188
36. Cammayo, E. U., & Cammayo, K. B. U. (2020). Factors affecting the performance within the micro small medium enterprise sector in Isabela, Philippines. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/FACTORS-AFFECTING-THE-PERFORMANCE-WITHIN-THE-MICRO-Cammayo-Cammayo/116ea51a34a6ad235e486d094a0e7673d5b97748#citing-papers
37. Cao, F., & Wang, C. (2022). An empirical study of determinants of pay-for-performance in ppp procurement. sustainability (Switzerland), 14(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912738
38. Carere, C. (2024). Waste management cost savings: tips & strategies for business. Frontier waste solutions. https://frontierwaste.com/resources/waste-management-cost-savings/
39. Chiliya, N., & Roberts-Lombard, M. (2012). Impact of level of education and experience on profitability of small grocery shops in south africa. International Journal of Business, Management and Economic Research, 3(1), 462-470. http://ijbmer.com/docs/volumes/vol3issue1/ijbmer2012030110.pdf
40. Commissions Codex Alimentarius (2003). Recomended international code of practice general principles of food hygiene. CAC/RCP, Rev, 4, pp. 1–1969.
41. Cooper, A., Gimeno-Gascon, F., & Woo, C. (1994). Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5), 371–395. https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1016/​0883-9026(94)90013-2
42. Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen, D. J., Jr. (2011). Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022147
43. Dabebe, S. (2022). Post-harvest losses of crops and its determinants in Ethiopia: tobit model analysis. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00357-6
44. Damotharan, K., Sudhakaran, G., Meenakshi, R., Krishnan, M., Raja, K., & Arockiaraj, J. (2024). Biochemical processes mediating neurotoxicity induced by synthetic food dyes: A review of current evidence. Chemosphere, 364, 143295–143295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143295
45. Darmawan, D. (2020). Dasar-Dasar Memahami Rasio dan Laporan Keuangan (D. Lestari (ed.); 1st ed.). UNY Press.
46. Darsono, A. (2005). Pedoman Praktis Memahami Laporan Keuangan. Yogyakarta: Andi.
47. De Abreu, N. V. A., & Rosslyn-Smith, W. (2021). Investigating the direct costs of business rescue. Acta Commercii, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v21i1.903rs
48. Deepradit, S., Ongkunaruk, P., & Pisuchpen, R. (2025). Tactical Procurement Planning under Uncertainty in Aromatic Coconut Manufacturing. IJTech - International Journal of Technology. https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/3897
49. Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) (2021). Utilization/conversion of market waste into new products. Development Academy of the Philippines. Date published April, 2021. Accessed date September 3, 2023. https://coe-psp.dap.edu.ph/compendium-innovation/utilization conversion-of-market-waste-into-new-products-recycling-of-market biodegradable-waste-basura-na-napakinabanagan-p
50. Devi, B., Lepcha, N., & Basnet, S. (2022). Application of correlational research design in nursing and medical research. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Sciences Edition, 65(11). https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/YRZ68
51. Diaz, A., Constantino, A.M., Dada, R., Erojo, J.M., Felongco, A.S.M., Lorenzo, C., Meguillo, T., Montejo, C., Padayogdog, M., Tono, D., & Villarin, R. (2023). Management accounting practices and financial performance of coffee shops [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University].
52. Endri, E., Sari, A. K., Budiasih, Y., Yuliantini, T., & Kasmir, K. (2020). Determinants of profit growth in food and beverage companies in Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 739–748. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.739
53. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5, 1-4. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. Scirp.org. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2258299
54. Ewing-Chow, D. (2020, October 31). Fruit and vegetable spoilage is a hidden contributor to underdevelopment. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daphneewingchow/2020/10/31/fruit-and-vegetable-spoilage-is-a-hidden-cause-of-underdevelopment/
55. Fionita, I., Susanti, S., Pranyoto, E., & Lestari, N. (2024). Ceo narcissism and financial performance. JRAK, 16(2), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.23969/jrak.v16i2.18406
56. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2012). The State of Food and Agriculture, 2012. Fao.org. https://www.fao.org/4/i3028e/i3028e00.htm
57. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
58. Gaoat, M. G., Cabungcal, C., Enriques, C., Medios, Z., Ruiz, H. R., Villanueva, J. L., & Gacrama, B. (2023). Impact of inventory management on financial performance of msmes in santiago city. American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation, 2(3), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v2i3.1839
59. Garcia, J.L., Ruiz-Altisent, M. and Barreiro, P. (1995). Factors influencing mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of apples and pears. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 61, pp. 11-18.
60. Gardas, B. B., Raut, R. D., & Balkrishna Narkhede. (2018). Evaluating critical causal factors for post-harvest losses (PHL) in the fruit and vegetables supply chain in India using the DEMATEL approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 199, 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.153
61. Ghimire, R. (2015). Does business duration of life insurance companies affect the financial performance: a case of Nepal. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2609650
62. Giannakourou MC, Taoukis PS. Effect of alternative preservation steps and storage on vitamin C stability in fruit and vegetable products: Critical review and kinetic modelling approaches. Foods. 2021;10(11):2630
63. Hada, I. D., & Mihalcea, M. M. (2020). The importance of profitability indicators in assessing the financial performance of economic entities. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 1(1), 219–228. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ora/journl/v1y2020i1p219-228.html
64. Handayati, Y., & Widyanata, C. (2024). Effective food waste management model for the sustainable agricultural food supply chain. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59482-w
65. Handrimurtjahjo, A. D., (2014). Peran Strategic Entrepreneurship Dalam Membangun Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Binus business review vol. 5 (2):437-446
66. Harris, E. D. (2020). Effective strategies for sustaining small retail businesses. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 9744. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/9744/
67. Hastuti, T. D., Sandjaya, R., & Koeswoyo, F. (2019). The effect of business age, financial management, potential investment and information technology on the financial performance of SMEs. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Opportunities and Challenges in Management, Economics and Accounting. http://repository.unika.ac.id/21987/1/Hastuti_sanjaya_koeswoyo_paper%20omeconf-ptput%202019.pdf
68. Hawkins, G. L. (2022). Managing fruit and vegetable waste. Uga.edu. https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C988&title=managing-fruit-and-vegetable-waste
69. Hemanth, B., Meghashree, M., P. K., S., & Kalungade, R. R. (2024). Edible electronics for smart technology solutions. Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering Book Series, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5573-2.ch001
70. Heng, Y., & House, L. (2021). Consumers’ perceptions and behavior toward food waste across countries. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 25(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2020.0198
71. Herman, E., & Zsido, K.-E. (2023). The financial sustainability of retail food smes based on financial equilibrium and financial performance. Mathematics, 11(15), 3410–3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11153410
72. Herron, C. B., Garner, L. J., Siddique, A., Huang, T.-S., Campbell, J. C., Rao, S., & Morey, A. (2022). Building “first expire, first out” models to predict food losses at retail due to cold chain disruption in the last mile. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.1018807
73. Idah, P. A., Gana, Y. M., Ogbonnaya, C., & O, M. O. (2012). Simulated transport damage study on fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 14(2), 119–126. https://cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/view/2035
74. Ilmika, A., Yamin, M., & Kadir, S. (2023). Analysis of downstream entrepreneurs’ knowledge in south sumatera forestry agribusiness: Impact on certified raw material selection. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9766–9775. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5881
75. Isidro, H., & Sobral, M. (2015). The Effects of Women on Corporate Boards on Firm Value, Financial Performance, and Ethical and Social Compliance. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2302-9
76. Jama, L. A., & Mohamud, I. H. (2024). The impact of procurement practices on organizational performance: A literature review. Journal of Logistics, Informatics and Service Science, 11(1), 119-135. https://jliss.org/index.php/jliss/article/view/108 doi:10.33168/JLISS.2024.0108
77. John, R., & Singh, A. K. (2025). A DEMATEL approach for analysing the interdependence among the efficiency barriers in the agri-fresh produce supply chains. Supply Chain Analytics, 100106–100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sca.2025.100106
78. Joshi, B. R. (2024). Impact of cost control mechanism on financial performance. Journal of Durgalaxmi, 3, 19–43. https://doi.org/10.3126/jdl.v3i1.73844
79. Josue, I. B. (2022). Resilience and coping mechanisms of fresh fruit and vegetable retailers in calauan, laguna. University Knowledge Digital Repository. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/11727/
80. Kaguri, A. (2013). Relationship between firm characteristics and financial performance of life insurance companies in Kenya. Uonbi.ac.ke. http://hdl.handle.net/11295/63507
81. Kalash, I., & Bilen, A. (2021). Operating leverage, sales growth and financial performance: The case of Turkey. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 91, 185–198. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.842340
82. Kalimuthu, K., Suoxiang, J., & Sureka, M. (2014). Supply chain management in vegetables social science. Paripex - Indian Journal of Research. 3. 315-316. https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/FEB2014/115.
83. Kamboj, S., Gupta, N., Bandral, J. D., Garima Gandotra, & Anjum, N. (2020). Food safety and hygiene: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(2), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2f.8794
84. Karanth, S., Feng, S., Patra, D., & Pradhan, A. K. (2023). Linking microbial contamination to food spoilage and food waste: the role of smart packaging, spoilage risk assessments, and date labeling. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1198124
85. Kaur, B., Mansi, Dimri, S., Singh, J., Mishra, S., Chauhan, N., Kukreti, T., Sharma, B., Singh, S. P., Arora, S., Uniyal, D., Agrawal, Y., Akhtar, S., Rather, M. A., Naik, B., Kumar, V., Gupta, A. K., Rustagi, S., & Preet, M. S. (2023). Insights into the harvesting tools and equipment’s for horticultural crops: From then to now. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14, 100814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100814
86. Kerimova, T. I. (2014). Efficiency Indicators use for Estimating of the Azerbaijan Agrarian Sector Investment Potential in the Modern Period. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 14(4): 352-357.
87. Khamis, M. R., Kamarudin, M. F., & Hashim, M. J. (2018). Length of business operation and its relationship with compliance behavior of business Zakat among owners ot SMEs. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 6(3), 69-82. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/29340/1 /AJ_MOHD%20RAHIM%20KHAMIS% 20JEEIR%20B%2018.pdf
88. Kienzler, M., & Kowalkowski, C. (2017). Pricing strategy: a review of 22 years of marketing research. Ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980648
89. Kirci, M., Isaksson, O., & Seifert, R. (2022). Managing perishability in the fruit and vegetable supply chains. Sustainability, 14(9), 5378–5378. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095378
90. Kumar, P. (2022). Understanding the Nature and Concept of a Product in Marketing • MBA Notes by TheMBA.Institute. The MBA Institute - In-Depth Topic-Wise MBA Resource. https://themba.institute/marketing-management/nature-and-concept-of-product/
91. Kumar, A., Mangla, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2022). An integrated literature review on sustainable food supply chains: Exploring research themes and future directions. The Science of the Total Environment, 821, 153411–153411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153411
92. Kumar, S., Singh, R., & Singh, A. (2021). Sustainable procurement practices in food retailing: A review and future research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280, 124383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124383
93. Kunga, B. (2016). The influence of relationship marketing on sales performance in the telecommunication industry in Kenya. Unpublished Master in Business Administration Thesis: University of Nairobi.
94. Kusuma, S. D., Restuningdiah, N., & Handayati, P. (2021). Effect of firm size on sales growth   with capital structure as an intervening variable. Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v4i1.1131
95. Kusumah, A. N., Soedarto, T., & Laily, D. W. (2023). Management of leftover vegetable and fruit products on Company X profits. Journal of Economics, Finance, and Management Studies, 6(11), 5627-5639. DOI: 10.47191/jefms/v6-i11-42, Impact Factor: 7.144
96. Kusumadewi, H., Saputri, E. R., & Yuniarto, A. E. (2023). Solvency, profitability, and financial performance. Telaah Bisnis, 24(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.35917/tb.v24i1.376
97. Kuzmin, O., Bublyk M., Shakhno, A., Korolenko, O., & Lashkun, H. (2020). Innovative development of human capital in the conditions of globalization. EDP Sciences Doi:10.1051/shsconf/20207901022
98. Lestari, M., Romadlon, F., & Nurisusilawati, I. (2024). Procurement strategy for fresh vegetable produces to mitigate food waste in the retail sector. Sustinere: Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 8(3), 313–320. https://doi.org/10.22515/sustinere.jes.v8i3.384
99. Li, H., Liu, J., Qiu, J., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, X. (2024). Arima-driven vegetable pricing and restocking strategy for dual optimization of freshness and profitability in supermarket perishables - proquest. Proquest.com. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104071
100. Li, Y., Tang. C. & Li, S. (2018). Supplier selection and pricing strategies for a retailer- competition supply chain with service-sensitive demand. International Journal of Production Economics, 198, 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijpe.20 18.01.004
101. Liu, T., Bruins, R.J.F., & Heberling, M.T. (2018). Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of best management practices: A review and synthesis. Sustainability,10. (2), 432. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020432
102. Liu, L., Zhao, Q., & Goh, M. (2021). Perishable material sourcing and final product pricing decisions for two-echelon supply chain under price-sensitive demand. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 156, 107260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107260
103. Liu, Y., Saleem, S., Shabbir, R., Shabbir, M. S., Irshad, A., & Khan, S. (2021). The relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance: a moderate role of fintech technology. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 20174–20187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11822-9
104. Mafe, A. N., Great Iruoghene Edo, Makia, R. S., Joshua, O. A., Akpoghelie, P. O., Tayser Sumer Gaaz, Jikah, A. N., Yousif, E., Endurance Fegor Isoje, Ufuoma Augustina Igbuku, Ahmed, D. S., Efeoghene, A., & Umar, H. (2024). A review on food spoilage mechanisms, food borne diseases and commercial aspects of food preservation and processing. Food Chemistry Advances, 5, 100852–100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100852
105. Mahdi, M., & Khaddafi, M. (2020). The influence of gross profit margin, operating profit margin and net profit margin on the stock price of consumer good industry in the indonesia stock exchange on 2012-2014. International Journal of Business Economics and Social Development, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.46336/ijbesd.v1i3.53
106. ‌Mahinay, P.J., Bagaan, K., Barcoma, C.M., Batomalaque, J., Bersolto, R.J., & Cagalcal, R. (2023). Knowledge and practices on business entity concept and financial performance of variety store owners [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University].
107. Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic management journal, 13(5), 363–380.
108. Majumdar, S. K. (1998). Assessing comparative efficiency of the state-owned mixed and private sectors in Indian industry. Public Choice, 96(1-2), 1–24.
109. Makrygianni, V., & Kontogianni, A. (2021). Characteristics and business profiles of small firms owned and operated by African immigrant entrepreneurs in Athens, Greece. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 10(4), 514-537. Doi:10.1108/jepp-05-2020-0035
110. Mallinguh, E., Wasike, C., & Zoltan, Z. (2020). The business sector, firm age, and performance: the mediating role of foreign ownership and financial leverage. International Journal of Financial Studies, 8(4), 79–79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8040079
111. Markonah, M., Salim, A., & Franciska, J. (2020). Effect of profitability, leverage, and liquidity to the firm value. Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting, 1(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v1i1.225
112. Marshall, M. (2021). Prepared for a crisis and the unexpected: managing everyday eventualities through food storage practices. Food, Culture & Society. https://doi.org/10.1080//15528014.2021.1967643
113. Masuwai, A., Zulkifli, H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Evaluation of content validity and face validity of secondary school Islamic education teacher self-assessment instrument. Cogent Education. https://doi.org/10.1080//2331186X.2024.2308410
114. Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00001.x
115. Meiryani, N., Huang, S. M., Soepriyanto, G., Jessica, N., Fahlevi, M., Grabowska, S., & Aljuaid, M. (2023). The effect of voluntary disclosure on financial performance: Empirical study on manufacturing industry in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 18(6), e0285720–e0285720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285720
116. ‌Millendez, J.M., Alba, J., Amihan, J., Delgado, J.A., Descartin, J., Diaz, C., Quiatchon, A., Silva, C.C., Tadifa, Q.J., Tesoro, A.M., Vallart, M. (2023). Debt management practices and financial performance of ambulant vendors [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University].
117. Miller, M. (2019). Essentials of Inventory Management. Google Books.https://books.google.com.ph/books?
118. Mohamud, I. H., Kafi, A., Shahron, S. A., & Zainuddin, N. (2023). The role of warehouse layout and operations in warehouse efficiency: A literature review. Journal Européen Des Systèmes Automatisés, 56(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.18280/jesa.560109
119. Moise, D.-F. (2023). Impact of the influence factors for the operating profit of companies from romanian agri-business sector. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 17(1), 537–548. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0051
120. Mondal, A., & Ghosh, S. K. (2012). Intellectual capital and financial performance of Indian banks | Emerald Insight. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 13(4), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1108//jic
121. Morash, E. A., & Clinton, S. R. (1997). The role of transportation capabilities in international supply chain management. Transportation journal, 5-17.
122. Mothupi, T. F., Mukonza, R. M., & Khalo, T. (2022). Factors hindering the implementation of the procurement plan in a selected national research utility. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 16, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v16i0.644
123. Mukaddam, S., & Sibindi, A. B. (2020). View of capital structure and financial performance of retail firms: empirical evidence from South Africa. Univ-Danubius.ro. https://www.dj.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/AUDOE/article/view/553/878
124. Mukaka, M. M. (2012). A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(3), 69–71. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mmj/article/view/81576
125. Mukayivara, D., & Rusibana, C. (2024). The effect of cost control on financial performance of manufacturing companies in Rwanda. A case of BRALIRWA PLC (2018-2022). Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2345
126. Munawir, M. (2001). Akuntansi Keuangan. Jakarta: Gramedia.
127. Murungan, S. A., & Ramprathap, K. (2022). Cost reduction techniques and its impact of financial performance – IJSREM. Ijsrem.com. https://ijsrem.com/download/cost-reduction-techniques-and-its-impact-of-financial-performance/
128. Muttiarni, M., Mira, M., Putri, L. N., Nurmagfirah, N., Indrayani, S., & Arman, A. (2022). Pengaruh ceo narsisme dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap kinerja keuangan pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di bursa efek indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Manajemen, 5(1), 15–22.
129. Nahar, A., Anis Chariri, & Tri. (2020). Supply chain management impact on company’s financial performance: empirical evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(2), 630–635. https://ojs.excelingtech.co.uk/index.php/IJSCM/article/view/4668/2347
130. Nath, A., Meena, L. R., Kumar, V., & Panwar, A. S. (2018). Postharvest management of horticultural crops for doubling farmer’s income. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 2682-2690.
131. Natsir, K., & Yusbardini, Y. (2020). The effect of capital structure and firm size on firm value through profitability as an intervening variable. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200626.040
132. Nava, D., De La Cruz, J., Dinoy, R.J., Guay, E.J., Musni, J., Mutas, B.M., Parnoncillon, S., Porras, S.J., Quirante, J., Rotor, R.K., Tanlawan, C.M., & Vasquez, J. (2023). Strategic innovation and financial performance of coffee shops [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University].
133. Neff, R. A., Kanter, R., & Vandevijvere, S. (2015). Reducing food loss and waste while improving the public’s health. Health Affairs, 34(11), 1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0647
134. Nguyen, H., Tran, THM., Nguyen, THY., & Truong, DD. (2021). The influence of competitive advantage on financial performance: a case study of SMEs in Vietnam Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol. 8, Issue 5 doi: 10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0335
135. Niftiyev, I. (2021). Performance Evaluation of the Fruit and Vegetable Subsectors in the Azerbaijani Economy: a Combinatorial Analysis Using Regression and Principal Component Analysis. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business/Zagreb International Review of Economics & Business, 24(s1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2021-0018
136. ‌ Nikolicic, S., Kilibarda, M., Maslaric, M., Mircetic, D., & Bojic, S. (2021). Reducing food waste in the retail supply chains by improving efficiency of logistics operations. Sustainability, 13(12), 6511–6511. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126511
137. Nugroho, W., & Bayunitri, B. I. (2021). Pengaruh audit internal terhadap kinerja keuangan (studi kasus pada pt pos indonesia (persero)). Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis Dan Ekonomi, 7(1), 1901–1918.
138. Nwanyanwu, K. U., Jonah, N. M., & Court, E. R. (2023). Cost reduction strategies and financial performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Auditing and Accounting Studies, 5(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.47509/IJAAS.2023.v05i02.04
139. Osman, A., Saari, N., Saleh, R., Bakar, J., Zainal, N. D., & Yacob, M. (2009). Post-harvest handling practices on selected local fruits and vegetables at different levels of the distribution chain. Journal of Agribusiness Marketing, 2, 38-51. https://www.fama.gov.my/documents/20143/51504
140. Pagtolon-an, A.S.M., Alfiscar, J.C., Castor, E.J., Deocampo, R., Donguines, T.M., Embang, J., Flores, M.C., Javellano, J.Z., Mino, J., Rodrigazo, T.M., & Rosales, C. (2024). Cost efficiency and financial performance of fast-food chains [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University-Fortune Towne].
141. Pariyanti, E. (2017). “Analisis pengendalian resiko pada usaha keripik singkong,” J. Manaj. Magister Darmajaya, vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 32–41, 2017.
142. Parsafar, B., Ahmadi, M., Khaniki, Gh. R. J., Shariatifar, N., & Foroushani, A. R. (2023). The impact of fruit and vegetable waste on economic loss estimation. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(4), 871–884. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2023.04.14
143. ‌ Pedro, A.-L., Ema, Rodolfo, R.-V., Arturo, M.-H. P., Tirado-González Deli Nazmín, & Antonio, S.-J. L. (2023). Cold chain relevance in the food safety of perishable products. Foods and Raw Materials, 11(1). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/cold-chain-relevance-in-the-food-safety-of-perishable-products
144. Peng, H., Zhou, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Entrepreneurial experience and performance: from the aspect of sustainable growth of enterprises. Sustainability, 12(18), 7351–7351. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187351
145. Peraren, R. J. O., Abulencia, A., Belarde, R. N. A., Dating, J. C. A., Dolorfo, A. C., Jadan, L. D., Mendoza, M. A., Montebano, M. G. V., Morin, Y. C., Padonio, D. C. J. R. (2023) Awareness and implementation of inventory management system for perishable products [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University].
146. Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic management journal, 14(3), 179–191.
147. Ping, H., Li, Z., Shen, X., & Sun, H. (2024). Optimization of vegetable restocking and pricing strategies for innovating supermarket operations utilizing a combination of ARIMA, LSTM, and FP-growth algorithms. Mathematics, 12(7), 1054–1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071054
148. Pinotti, L., Manoni, M., Fumagalli, F., Rovere, N., Luciano, A., Ottoboni, M., Ferrari, L., Cheli, F., & Djuragic, O. (2020). Reduce, reuse, recycle for Food Waste: A second life for fresh-cut leafy salad crops in animal diets. Animals. 2020;10(6):1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061082
149. Pramono, R., L.W. Sondakh, Innocentius Bernarto, Juliana, J., & Agus Purwanto. (2021). Determinants of the small and medium enterprises progress: a case study of SME entrepreneurs in Manado, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 8(1), 881–889. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no1.881
150. Pronko, L., Kolesnik, T., & Samborska, O. (2021). Essence and concept of capitalization of enterprises, its types and methods of evaluation. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 10(1), 551–551. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p551
151. Puspaningrum, A. (2019). The role of business size, business duration, credit facilities and business legalities on sme’s growth. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 7(3). https://www.idpublications.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Full-Paper-THE-ROLE-OF-BUSINESS-SIZE-BUSINESS-DURATION-CREDIT-FACILITIES-AND-BUSINESS-LEGALITIES-ON-SME%E2%80%99S-GROWTH.pdf
152. Putri, I. G. A. P. T., & Rahyuda, H. (2020). Effect of capital structure and sales growth on firm value with profitability as mediation. International Research Journal of Management IT and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v7n1.833
153. Putri, M. S., & Susanna, D. (2021). Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers at kitchen premises in the Port “X” area, North Jakarta, Indonesia 2018. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2021.9215
154. Rana, J., Gutierrez, P. L., & Oldroyd, J. C. (2021). Quantitative methods. Springer EBooks, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_460-1
155. Rasimikayati, E., Karyani, T., & Bobby, R. S. (2023). Characteristics of vegetables and fruit firms and their relationship with business risk. International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research, 9(4), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.339016
156. Ratliff, A. (2023). Strategies to reduce food waste in restaurants strategies to reduce food waste in restaurants. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=15716&context=dissertations&utm
157. Ratnasari, C. & Handayani, S.  R. (2013).  Pengukuran Kinerja Keuangan Berdasarkan Analisis Rasio Keuangan dan Economic Value Added (EVA) (Studi pada PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk dan Anak Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2009-2011. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 1(2), 202-212.
158. Ray, B., & Bhunia, A. (2013). Fundamental food microbiology. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16078
159. Reddy, C. H. S., Prabhavathi, Y., Devi, I. B., Reddy, B. R., & Reddy, S., (2019), A study on financial performance of selected food processing companies in india. Andhra Pradesh Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2), 110–116.
160. ‌Rudra, S. G., Basu, S., & Chanda, A. (2022). Editorial: food storage, spoilage and shelf life: recent developments and insights. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.953983
161. Rwakihembo, Dr. J., Aryatwijuka, Dr. W., Kalinda, P., & Nimusiima, Dr. P. (2023). Firm age and financial performance: the firm life-cycle theoretical perspective of private limited companies in Uganda. International Journal of Business Strategies, 8(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.47672/ijbs.1475
162. Sabuddin, A. T. bin. (2017). Postharvest handling practices on vegetable crops at different stages of the distribution chain: a case study in Selangor, Malaysia. https://edepot.wur.nl/419321
163. Sahu, M., & Bala, S. (2017). Food processing, food spoilage and their prevention: an overview. International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.1
164. Salamandane, C., Fonseca, F., Afonso, S., Lobo, M. L., Antunes, F., & Matos, O. (2020). Handling of fresh vegetables: knowledge, hygienic behavior of vendors, public health in maputo markets, Mozambique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6302–6302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176302
165. Sangawi, S. S., Ahmed, H. M., Mohammed, H. M. N., & Salih, K. H. (2023). An investigation into the impact of profitability on annual growth rate among the listed manufacturing companies on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. Tikrit Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences, 19(64, Part 2), 720–739. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjaes.19.64.2.38
166. Schneider, M., Nössler, C., & Lührmann, P. M. (2021). Environmental intervention in a university canteen with focus on decision guidance: Effects on sale and daily consumption of vegetables and fruit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910443
167. Schütz, K., Kässer, M., Blome, C. and Foerstl, K. (2019),"How to achieve cost savings and strategic performance in purchasing simultaneously: a knowledge-based view",  Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 26 No. 2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2019.04.002.
168. Secretario, R. E. G., & Naval, G. H. (2021). Inventory management practices of micro, small and medium grocery stores in Daet, Camarines Norte. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 04(11). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v4-i11-06
169. Setyawati, D. M., Usman, S., & Fidyah, F. (2023). Cost-volume-profit calculation analysis as a profit planning approach in “markisa manis mampang” micro business depok city, west java province. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(3), 890–900. https://www.ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi/article/view/2334
170. Sharma, K. (2024). Food storage and preservation: An essential key in the food economy. In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences (IIP Series, Volume 3, Book 22, Chapter 12). e-ISBN: 978-93-5747-760-4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379643324_FOOD_STORAGE_AND_PRESERVATION_AN_ESSENTIAL_KEY_IN_FOOD_ECONOMY
171. Sharma, L., & Sharma, D. (2024). Food spoilage, storage, and preservation. Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 13 (pp. 19-39). IIP Series. https://doi.org/10.58532/V3BCAG13P1CH2
172. Shukor, A. R., Mohs Salleh, P., Ahmad Tarmizi, S. and Pauziah, M. (2003). Development of Appropriate Postharvest Technologies for Major Vegetable Crops of ASEAN, Perspectives of ASEAN Cooperation in Vegetable Research and Development, Proceedings of the Forum on the ASEAN-AVRDC Regional Network on Vegetable Research and Development (AARNET) in Kuo G. (Ed), http://www. avrdc.org/pdf/aarnet_proc/008.pdf
173. Siedlecki, S. L. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 34(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000493
174. Sillué, S. M., Calleja, C. A., Escámez, P. F., Abuín, C. F., Hernando, I. H., Díaz, A. V., & Muñoz, M.,Isabel Gil. (2023). Report of the Scientific Committee of the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN) on fruits and vegetables that have a risk of spoilage when presented for sale to consumers in bulk. Food Risk Assess Europe, 1(2) https://doi.org/10.2903/fr.efsa.2023.FR-0012
175. ‌ Singh, A., Prasad, S., Singh, R., Younis, K., & Yousuf, O. (2025). Revolutionizing the supply chain: Cutting-edge strategies and technologies for food waste reduction. Bioresource Technology Reports, 102047–102047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2025.102047
176. Siregar, B, Bambang S, Dody H, Eko W.Lo, Frastio B. (2019) Akuntansi Manajemen. Cetakan kelima. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
177. Siswanto, S., & Sari, C. F. (2023). The effect of production and sales costs on financial performance. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis & Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.55208/w1q9tx68
178. Sonwani, E., Bansal, U., Alroobaea, R., Baqasah, A. M., & Hedabou, M. (2022). An artificial intelligence approach toward food spoilage detection and analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 816226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.816226
179. Sperber, W. H. (2009). Introduction to the Microbiological Spoilage of Foods and Beverages. Springer EBooks, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0826-1_1
180. Sperber, W.H. and Doyle, M.P. (2009) Compendium of the microbiological spoilage of foods and beverages, food microbiology and food safety. Springer Science-Business Media, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0826-1
181. Spoor, M., & Visser, O. (2001). The State of Agrarian Reform in the Former Soviet Union. Europe-Asia Studies, 53(6), 885-901, DOI: 10.1080/09668130120078540.10.1080/09668130120078540
182. Stuart, R. C. (2010). Borders and brows. McGill-Queen’s University Press EBooks, 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773581333-005
183. Suhardjono, I. B. (2006). Akuntansi Perbankan. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
184. Suhartono, S., Meiden, C., Triyani, Y., Adrea, S. N., & Sare, M. K. (2022). Pendampingan berkelanjutan dan pelatihan penyusunan “sustainability company profile” umkm toko roti lindayes. Jurnal Abdimas Perbanas, 3(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.56174/jap.v3i2.485
185. Sukenti. (2022). Literature review of financial performance and financial distress: liquidity and profitability analysis (financial management literature review). Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 3(6), 993–1002. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijdbm.v3i6.1514
186. Sumanion, R.V., Abaring, A., Drew, C.M., Ducay, R.M., Espiritu, C., Inventor, A.R.A., Librando, M., Pilarta, G., Salhay, P., & Taño, N.S. (2023). Green marketing practices and sales performance of supermarkets [Undergraduate Thesis, Carlos Hilado Memorial State University-Fortune Towne].
187. Suminah, S., Suwarto, S., Sugihardjo, S., Anantanyu, S., & Padmaningrum, D. (2022). Determinants of micro, small, and medium-scale enterprise performers’ income during the Covid-19 pandemic era. Heliyon, 8(7), e09875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09875
188. Taichman, A. (2024). Minimizing perishable food spoilage in supply chains. Food logistics. https://www.foodlogistics.com/sustainability/waste-reduction/article/22888214/unity-scm-minimizing-perishable-food-spoilage-in-supply-chains?utm
189. Talukder, M. B., Kabir, F., Muhsina, K., & Das, I. (2023). Emerging Concepts of Artificial Intelligence in the Hotel Industry: A Conceptual Paper. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(9), 1765–1769. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.923.92451
190. Tautho, D. G. B., Tautho, M. A. P., & Tautho, D. B. (2024). Supply Chain Analysis of Fruits and Vegetables Produce of the Indigenous People (IP) Farmers in Marilog District, Davao City. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(11), 5095–5114. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v3i11.10459
191. Temitayo, F., & Adegbie, F. F. (2025). Cost management and financial performance of consumer goods companies, quoted in nigeria. Ijsrp.org. https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0820.php?rp=P10410336
192. Todd, E. C. D., & Faour-Klingbeil, D. (2024). Impact of food waste on society, specifically at retail and foodservice levels in developed and developing countries. Foods, 13(13), 2098. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13132098
193. Tomaszewska, M., Bilska, B., & Kołożyn-Krajewska, D. (2022). The influence of selected food safety practices of consumers on food waste due to its spoilage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8144–8144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138144
194. Tudose, M. B., Rusu, V. D., & Avasilcai, S. (2022). Financial performance – determinants and interdependencies between measurement indicators. Business Management and Economics Engineering, 20(01), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.3846/bmee.2022.16732
195. Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Transportation statistics: definition, concepts, coverage, scope and uses and users. Statistical Abstract 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182017_Statistical_Abstract.pdf
196. Wahdan, M. A., & Emam, M. A. (2017). The impact of supply chain management on financial performance and responsibility accounting agribusiness case from egypt. Accounting and Finance Research, 6(2), 136–136. https://doi.org/10.5430/afr.v6n2p136
197. Waqas, U., Rahman, A. A., Ismail, N. W., Basha, N. K., & Umair, S. (2022). Influence of supply chain risk management and its mediating role on supply chain performance: perspectives from an agri-fresh produce. Annals of Operations Research, 324(1-2), 1399–1427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04702-7
198. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., & Aly, I. M. (2020). Managerial accounting. google books. https://books.google.com.ph/books
199. Widyaningsih, A., & Oksari, T.  (2023).  Can ceo power moderate the influence of internet financial reporting on market reactions? JRAK, 15(2), 279–286.
200. Winarsih, W., Winarti, W., Machmuddah, Z., & Tahar, E. B. (2021). The relationship between capital financial, accounting capability and micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises’ (msmes) financial performance in indonesia. Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 8(2), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.24815/jdab.v8i2.21425
201. Winkler, M. R., Lenk, K. M., Erickson, D. J., Caspi, C. E., & Laska, M. N. (2020). Longitudinal fruit and vegetable sales in small food retailers: Response to a novel local food policy and variation by neighborhood socioeconomic status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5480. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155480
202. Woh, P. Y., Thong, K. L., Behnke, J. M., Lewis, J. W., & Mohd, N. (2016). Evaluation of basic knowledge on food safety and food handling practices amongst migrant food handlers in Peninsular Malaysia. Food Control, 70, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.033
203. Yenare, R. R., Sonawane, C. R., Sur, A., Singh, B., Panchal, H., Kumar, A., Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Haque, I., & Yogesh Bhalerao. (2024). A comprehensive review of portable cold storage: Technologies, applications, and future trends. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 94, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.03.014
204. Yeni, F., Hadi, H., & Elfiswandi, E. (2025). Growth sales, capital structure and corporate governance on financial performance of energy and basic material sector: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 9(1), 3923–3923. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd3923
205. Yogesh, S. G., & Ravindran, D. S. (2023). Farmers’ profitability through online sales of organic vegetables and fruits during the covid-19 pandemic—an empirical study. Agronomy, 13(5), 1200. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051200
206. Yoshua, R.  R.  (2012). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penghentian prematur prosedur audit (studi empiris pada bpk perwakilan riau). unri.ac.id/.../Jurnal% 20Skripsi% 20Rikar
207. Zhang, M., Yang, X., Cheng. T. E., & Chang, C. (2022). Inventory Management of Perishable Goods with Overconfident Retailers. Mathematics, 10(10), 1716. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math 10101716
208. Zhao, X., Zhao, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Application of logistics management in fresh produce supply chain to reduce postharvest losses. Sustainability, 12(18), 7451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187451
209. Zuhroh, D., Jermias, J., Ratnasari, S. L., Sriyonod, N., Nurjanahe, E., & Fahlevi, M. (2024). The impact of sharing economy platforms, management accounting systems, and demographic factors on financial performance: exploring the role of formal and informal education in msmes in Malang. Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity, 100447–100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.1004