Authors : NDAGIJIMANA INNOCENT

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 5 - May

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3t93ccua

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/959dzrdp

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY1004

Abstract : The composition and condition of a water body change over time and across different locations due to internal and external factors. In many rural and peri- urban communities in Rwamagana, the lack of treated water has increased reliance on groundwater for various household and community needs. Groundwater sources are essential for meeting the water demand in these regions. An investigation was carried out in the Rwamagana district of the eastern province of Rwanda to evaluate the influence of pit latrines on groundwater quality. The research examined the water quality of four boreholes with hand pumps and 18 improved springs located near pit latrines. The evaluation specifically looked at total coliforms (TC), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, and pH. The proximity of the pit latrines to the boreholes or springs was considered in order to determine the presence of fecal coliforms in the groundwater, with the goal of establishing a minimum safe distance between the pit latrines and water sources. The physicochemical indicators of the water samples met the drinking water quality criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, the levels of biological contaminants exceeded the WHO's drinking water quality standards. The highest coliform counts detected in the study were 99cfu/100ml of water. The research findings suggest a clear relationship between fecal microbes from pit latrines and their impact on groundwater quality, with the contamination effect extending up to 322.4m for improved springs and 266.2m for boreholes with hand pumps.

Keywords : Contamination; Water Quality; Pit Latrines; Boreholes with a Hand Pump.

References :

1. Adeoye, P. (2017) ‘Impact of Pit Latrines on Groundwater Quality of Fokoslum, Ibadan, Impact of Pit Latrines on Groundwater Quality of Fokoslum, Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria’, (November 2013).
2. Cronin, A. A., Hoadley, A. W., Gibson, J., Breslin, N., K. and F. K., Haldin, L.,  et al. (2007) ‘Urbanisation effects on groundwater chemical quality: findings focusing on the nitrate problem from 2 African cities reliant on on-site sanitation.’, Journal of Water and Health, 5, 441–454.
3. Haruna, R., Ejobi, F., & Kabagambe, E. K. (2005) ‘The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala City, Uganda,’ African Health Sciences, 5, 14–20.
4. JICA (2019) ‘PROJECT FOR STRENGTHENING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN RWANDA’.
5. Kulabako, N. R., Nalubega, M., & Thunvik, R. (2007) ‘Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda’, Science of the Total Environment, 381, 180–199.
6. Majuru B, Michael MM, Jagals P, H. P. (2011) ‘Health impact of small-community water supply reliability,’ Int. J. Hyg. and Env. Health. 2011;214(2);162-166.
7. MININFRA (2016) National Water Supply Policy.
8. NISR (2018) The fifth integrated household living conditions survey EICV5 2016/17: Thematic report-Utilities and amenities. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/ %0Aeicv5-thematic-report-utilities-and-amenities.
9. Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., & Peters, E. (2011) ‘Village environs as a source of nitrate contamination in groundwater: a case study in basaltic geo-environment in central India,’ Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 174, 481–492.
10. WHO (2011a) ‘Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, second edition,’ World Health, 1(3), pp. 104–8. doi: 10.1016/S1462-0758(00)00006-6.
11. WHO (2011b) ‘Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.)’, Geneva: World Health Organization.