The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM): Conceptual Foundations, Comparative Insights, and Practical Applications for Inclusive Land Governance


Authors : Jeremiah Omeke; Mark Boitt; Daniel Nyangweso

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 12 - December


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5et6mb94

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2p225zna

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25dec1471

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) represents a major shift toward inclusive and fit-for-purpose land administration systems capable of addressing complex tenure realities in developing countries. Conventional land administration approaches have historically focused on legally registered ownership and surveyed parcels, excluding large populations living under informal, customary, and communal tenure arrangements. This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the conceptual foundations, methodological approaches, and practical applications of STDM, drawing on recent implementations across Africa and Asia. Using a qualitative literature review and comparative case analysis, the study examines how STDM operationalizes the continuum of land rights, supports participatory mapping, and enhances tenure security without requiring immediate formal titling. The paper further explores institutional, legal, and technical challenges affecting STDM adoption, including issues of legal recognition, data sustainability, and integration with formal land information systems. The findings demonstrate that STDM provides a viable pathway toward inclusive land governance when aligned with fit-for-purpose land administration principles and embedded within supportive policy and institutional frameworks.

Keywords : Social Tenure Domain Model; Land Tenure; Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration; Participatory Mapping; Land Governance; Digital Cadaster.

References :

  1. Bennett, R., Wallace, J., & Williamson, I. (2019). Organising land information for sustainable land administration. Land Use Policy, 82, 607–620.
  2. Enemark, S., Bell, K. C., Lemmen, C., & McLaren, R. (2016). Fit-for-purpose land administration: Guiding principles for country implementation. UN-Habitat / World Bank.
  3. GLTN. (2018). Fit-for-purpose land administration: Supporting the global agenda on land. UN-Habitat.
  4. Lemmen, C., van Oosterom, P., Bennett, R., & Shnaidman, A. (2017). The land administration domain model. Land Use Policy, 67, 529–540.
  5. Marenga, C., Maruza, T., Gitau, J., & Kohima, J. (2024). Land information in informal settlement upgrading: The Social Tenure Domain Model as an empowerment tool in Okahandja, Namibia. FIG Working Week Proceedings.
  6. Njogu, S., & Gitau, J. (2023). The Social Tenure Domain Model framework: Lessons and opportunities from a decade of country applications. FIG Working Week Proceedings.
  7. UN-Habitat. (2017). New Urban Agenda. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
  8. UN-Habitat. (2019). Global land tools for achieving secure tenure. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
  9. UN-Habitat. (2020). Fit-for-purpose land administration: Country implementation guide. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
  10. UN-Habitat. (2022). Land governance and tenure security in the post-COVID-19 era. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
  11. Zevenbergen, J., Bennett, R., & Lemmen, C. (2018). The continuum of land rights approach: An evaluation of its application. Land Use Policy, 75, 388–397.

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) represents a major shift toward inclusive and fit-for-purpose land administration systems capable of addressing complex tenure realities in developing countries. Conventional land administration approaches have historically focused on legally registered ownership and surveyed parcels, excluding large populations living under informal, customary, and communal tenure arrangements. This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the conceptual foundations, methodological approaches, and practical applications of STDM, drawing on recent implementations across Africa and Asia. Using a qualitative literature review and comparative case analysis, the study examines how STDM operationalizes the continuum of land rights, supports participatory mapping, and enhances tenure security without requiring immediate formal titling. The paper further explores institutional, legal, and technical challenges affecting STDM adoption, including issues of legal recognition, data sustainability, and integration with formal land information systems. The findings demonstrate that STDM provides a viable pathway toward inclusive land governance when aligned with fit-for-purpose land administration principles and embedded within supportive policy and institutional frameworks.

Keywords : Social Tenure Domain Model; Land Tenure; Fit-for-Purpose Land Administration; Participatory Mapping; Land Governance; Digital Cadaster.

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Paper Submission Last Date
31 - January - 2026

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