Total Cost of Ownership of Electric Car and Internal Combustion Engine Car with Performance Normalization


Authors : Adhe Budi Santoso; Bambang Priyono

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/26kc88r5

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4fhyrucy

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN855

PlumX Metrics

Semantic Scholar

ResearchGate

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : In the transportation sector, motorized vehicles are currently a contributor to pollution in Indonesia, producing CO2 emissions. In an effort to achieve environmentally friendly and low-carbon motorized vehicles, promoting electric cars to the public is an important strategy that is being pursued by countries throughout the world. The large target of converting ICE cars to electric cars requires a series of analyzes to accelerate efforts to convert the use of electric cars from various angles which will ultimately be successful as a promotional medium for potential electric car users. To carry out this analysis, there is one calculation method, namely calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an electric car. This method has been studied in countries that are concerned with promoting the use of electric cars. In this research, we will present a calculation model for the TCO of electric cars and the TCO of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) cars as a comparison. The cars analyzed in this research consist of several electric cars and ICE cars according to their respective performance levels, where for each electric car an analysis of several battery ownership schemes is also attempted, namely those owned by the car owner, rental batteries and those owned by the car owner. However, some components can be repaired. The calculation model will consist of capital and operational costs, namely the purchase price, resale value, government subsidies, retailer discounts, battery replacement costs, maintenance, insurance, vehicle tax and energy consumption costs. All data was obtained from literature studies and information from vehicle distributors in Indonesia. The TCO model is analyzed based on the average distance traveled, namely 20,000 km/year for 10 years of driving. The research results show that the TCO of BEVs with a rental battery scheme is cheaper than ICEs for cars with 93, 167 & 210 hp, namely 2,961; 6,227; & 5,633 (USD) and the TCO of ICE is cheaper than BEV with a rental battery scheme on cars with 40 & 95 hp, namely 796 & 5,793 USD. Several components that make up TCO costs will later be proposed to be considered for adjustment so that vehicle purchases can grow significantly. Knowledge from this research can be useful for consumers, product manufacturers, planners, and government policy makers.

Keywords : Electric Vehicle; Total Cost of Ownership; Indonesia; Energy Consumption; Electric Car.

References :

  1. International Energy Agency, IEA. CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: Overview, global CO2 emissions by sector. 2020.
  2. Chen Yuche, Wu Guoyuan, Sun Ruixiao, Dubey Abhishek, Laszka Aron, Pugliese Philip. A review and outlook of energy consumption estimation models for electric vehicles. 2020, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003. 12873.
  3. United Nations Climate Change, UNCC. The Paris agreement. 2020.
  4. Hertzke Patrick, Müller Nicolai, Schenk Stephanie, Wu Ting. The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise. McKinsey Cent Futur Mob 2018;1–8.
  5. Palencia Juan C González, Araki Mikiya, Shiga Seiichi. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions reduction potential of electric-drive vehicle diffusion in a road freight vehicle fleet. Energy Procedia 2017;142:2936–41.
  6.  Hu Kezhen, Wu Jianping, Schwanen Tim. Differences in energy consumption in electric vehicles: An exploratory real-world study in Beijing. J Adv Transp 2017;2017.
  7. Tu Wei, et al. Acceptability, energy consumption, and costs of electric vehicle for ride-hailing drivers in Beijing. Appl Energy 2019;250:147–60.
  8. Hu Liang, Dong Jing, Lin Zhenhong, Yang Jie. Analyzing battery electric vehicle feasibility from taxi travel patterns: The case study of New York City, USA. Transp Res C 2018;87:91–104. [9]
  9. Ouyang Danhua, Zhou Shen, Ou Xunmin. The total cost of electric vehicle ownership: A consumer-oriented study of China’s post-subsidy era. Energy Policy 2021;149:112023. [10]
  10. Letmathe Peter, Suares Maria. A consumer-oriented total cost of ownership model for different vehicle types in Germany. Trans Res D 2017;57:314–35.
  11. Danielis Romeo, Giansoldati Marco, Rotaris Lucia. A probabilistic total cost of ownership model to evaluate the current and future prospects of electric cars uptake in Italy. Energy Policy 2018;119:268–81.
  12. Palmer Kate, Tate James E, Wadud Zia, Nellthorp John. Total cost of ownership and market share for hybrid and electric vehicles in the UK, US and Japan. Appl Energy 2018;209:108–19.
  13. Scorrano Mariangela, Danielis Romeo, Giansoldati Marco. Dissecting the total cost of ownership of fully electric cars in Italy: The impact of annual distance travelled, home charging and urban driving. Res Transp Econ 2020;80:100799.
  14. Hagman Jens, Ritzén Sofia, Stier Jenny Janhager, Susilo Yusak. Total cost of ownership and its potential implications for battery electric vehicle diffusion. Res Transp Bus Manag 2016;18:11–7.
  15. Lévay Petra Zsuzsa, Drossinos Yannis, Thiel Christian. The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy 2017;105:524–33.
  16. Rusich Andrea, Danielis Romeo. Total cost of ownership, social lifecycle cost and energy consumption of various automotive technologies in Italy. Res Transp Econ 2015;50:3–16.
  17. Iom/mik, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, https://www. cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/
  18. Panna Sutakul, Wongkot Wongsapai, Thongchai Fongsamootr, Yuttana Mona, Kittikun poolsawat. Total cost of ownership of internalcombustion engine and electric vehiles: A real-world comparison for the case o Thailand . Energy Reports 2022.
  19. Irena, 2021, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, https://www.irena.org/ Energy-Transition/Technology/Energy-storage-costs
  20. Lifepal, 2024, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://lifepal.co.id/plans/? area=B%20-%20DKI%20Jakarta
  21. Pertamina, 2024, 2, 0, 0, 0, 13, https://mypertamina.id/ fuels-harga
  22. Us Inflation Calculator, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 1, 6, https:// www.usinflationcalculator.com/
  23. Kementerian ESDM, Peraturan Menteri ESDM No 1 2023
  24. Wuling.id, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, https://wuling.id/id/air-ev?product_id
  25. OLX, 2024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://www.olx.co.id/item/ wuling-air-ev-long-2023-cash-long-range-300-km-lite-short-iid-919816843
  26. Bounche, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, https://www.bounche. com/blog/agency/diskon-pajak-pertambahan-nilai-mobil-listrik-wuling-air-ev/
  27. Selma Aulia, Aditya Maulana, Diskon Mobil Listrik Wuling Air EV Tembus, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, https://otomotif. kompas.com/read/2023/11/13/171200915/diskon-mobil-listrik-wuling-air-ev-tembus-rp-36-juta
  28. Antam, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://www.logammulia. com/id/harga-emas-hari-ini
  29. Ahmad Biondi, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, https://otodriver. com/mobil-listrik/2023/jika-rusak-segini-harga-baterai -wuling-air-ev-jikddcdfrev
  30. Dina Rayanti, 2022, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, https://oto.detik.com/ mobil/d-6451296/biaya-servis-wuling-air-ev-murahny a-bikin-heran
  31. Bertold Ananda, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 6, https://techno. okezone.com/read/2023/10/20/52/
  32. Wulig.id, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 6, https://wuling.id/id/blog/ lifestyle/berapa-jauh-kemampuan-jarak-tempuh-wulin g-air-ev
  33. Oto, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://www.oto.com/mobil-baru/wuling/ev
  34. Neta, 2024, 2, 0, 0, 0, 21, neta.co.id
  35. OLX, 2024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://www.olx.co.id/ olxmobbi/item/jual-neta-v-tahun-2023-ev-mobil-full-listrik-iid-919753586
  36. Rangga Rahadiansyah, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://oto. detik.com/mobil-listrik/d-7230245/harga-mobil-listrik -neta-v-turun-rp-62-juta-sekarang-jadi-segini
  37. Manuel Jeghesta Nainggolan, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, https://www.suara.com/otomotif/2023/12/
  38. Neta, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://neta.co.id/id/news/ biaya-kepemilikan-neta-v-hingga-100000-km
  39. Redaksi, Jurnalis, Okezone, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 7, https://otomotif.okezone.com/read/2023/12/
  40. Neta, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://neta.co.id/id/news/ biaya-konsumsi-listrik-neta-v-lebih-efisien-dari-mobil -konvensional-hemat-hingga-87
  41. Carmudi, 2024, Daya Motor Neta, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, carmudi.co.id
  42. BYD.Arista, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://byd.arista-group.co.id/lokasi/jakarta/
  43. Gemilang Isromi Nuar, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 6, https://otodriver.com/berita/2023/bluebird-jual-25-mobil-listrik-byd-e6-bludbibcde6
  44. Haa/haa, Tim Redaksi CNBC Indonesia, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 9, https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20240222 070313-4-516588/sri-mulyani-bebaskan
  45. Dicky Kurniawan, Wawan Priyanto, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://otomotif.tempo.co/read/
  46. Oto, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://www.oto.com/mobil-baru/byd/dolphin/spesifikasi
  47. Oto, 2024, Jarak tempuh pengisian penuh Dolphin, oto.com
  48. Id-hyundai, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://id-hyundai. com/mobil/hyundai-ioniq5/
  49. OLX, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0 ,0, https://www.olx.co.id/ olxmobbi/item/ioniq-5-signature-long-range-2023-iid-919845127
  50. Hyundai mobil, 2023, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, https:// hyundaimobil.co.id/news/details/ppn-1-khusus-untuk-hyundai-ioniq-5-berlaku-hingga-desember-2023#:~: text=10%3A52%20WIB-,PPN%201%25%20Khusus %20Untuk%20Hyundai%20Ioniq%205%20Berlaku%20Hingga%20Desember,diskon%20PPN%20menjadi%201%25%20saja
  51. Ferry Sandi, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 5, https://www. cnbcindonesia.com/news/20231228135608-4-500947 /beli-ioniq-5-tak-lagi-inden-dapat-cashback-puluhan-juta
  52. Dina Rayanti, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, https://oto. detik.com/mobil/d-6665876/bikin-penasaran-berapa-biaya-servis-hyundai-ioniq-5
  53. Ryh/fea, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, https://www. cnnindonesia.com/otomotif/20230605185849-603-957966/biaya-pajak-ioniq-5-dan-air-ev-yang-kini-tak-perlu-dibayar-konsumen
  54. Hyundai mobil, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, https://hyundai mobil.co.id/news/details/lithium-ion-baterai-masa-kini -hyundai-ioniq-5
  55. Hyundai, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 1, https://www.hyundai. com/id/id/find-a-car/ioniq5/specification
  56. Chery, 2024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://chery.co.id/models/ omoda/types/omoda-e5
  57. Mobil123, 2024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://www.mobil123. com/dijual/chery-omoda-5-rz-230t-dki-jakarta-citra-garden-5/14060479
  58. Fea, 2024, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://www.cnnindonesia. com/otomotif/20240206101444-603-1059165/harga-chery-omoda-e5-rp498-juta-termasuk-diskon-subsidi-mobil-listrik
  59. CNN, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, https://www.cnnindonesia. com/otomotif/20240206101444-603-1059165/harga-chery-omoda-e5-rp498-juta-termasuk-diskon-subsidi-mobil-listrik
  60. Radityo Herdianto, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, https://www. gridoto.com/read/224026325/segini-biaya-servis-mobil-listrik-chery-omoda-e5-sampai-5-tahun?page= all
  61. Cermati, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, https://www.cermati. com/asuransi-mobil/t/semua?sortType=desc&carYear =2024&carBrand=chery&carSlug=chery-omoda
  62. Redaksi okezone, 2023, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, https://otomotif. okezone.com/read/2023/10/06/52/
  63. Aries Aditya Putra, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, https://www. gridoto.com/read/224051584/segini-konsumsi-energi-mobil-listrik-chery-omoda-e5-seirit-apa
  64. Mik/mik, 2024, 1, 0, 0, 0, 8, https://www.cnnindone sia.com/otomotif/20240116140654-603-1050185/ulas -spesifikasi-mobil-listrik-omoda-e5-yang-pakai-baterai-buatan-by

In the transportation sector, motorized vehicles are currently a contributor to pollution in Indonesia, producing CO2 emissions. In an effort to achieve environmentally friendly and low-carbon motorized vehicles, promoting electric cars to the public is an important strategy that is being pursued by countries throughout the world. The large target of converting ICE cars to electric cars requires a series of analyzes to accelerate efforts to convert the use of electric cars from various angles which will ultimately be successful as a promotional medium for potential electric car users. To carry out this analysis, there is one calculation method, namely calculating the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an electric car. This method has been studied in countries that are concerned with promoting the use of electric cars. In this research, we will present a calculation model for the TCO of electric cars and the TCO of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) cars as a comparison. The cars analyzed in this research consist of several electric cars and ICE cars according to their respective performance levels, where for each electric car an analysis of several battery ownership schemes is also attempted, namely those owned by the car owner, rental batteries and those owned by the car owner. However, some components can be repaired. The calculation model will consist of capital and operational costs, namely the purchase price, resale value, government subsidies, retailer discounts, battery replacement costs, maintenance, insurance, vehicle tax and energy consumption costs. All data was obtained from literature studies and information from vehicle distributors in Indonesia. The TCO model is analyzed based on the average distance traveled, namely 20,000 km/year for 10 years of driving. The research results show that the TCO of BEVs with a rental battery scheme is cheaper than ICEs for cars with 93, 167 & 210 hp, namely 2,961; 6,227; & 5,633 (USD) and the TCO of ICE is cheaper than BEV with a rental battery scheme on cars with 40 & 95 hp, namely 796 & 5,793 USD. Several components that make up TCO costs will later be proposed to be considered for adjustment so that vehicle purchases can grow significantly. Knowledge from this research can be useful for consumers, product manufacturers, planners, and government policy makers.

Keywords : Electric Vehicle; Total Cost of Ownership; Indonesia; Energy Consumption; Electric Car.

Video Explanation for Published paper

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe