Authors : Pushp Raj Harsh; Ujjwal Prasad; S. R. Kumar; K. Prasad

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 1 - January

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2tkmvvfp

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/448bvrh4

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jan1470

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Graphene, a two-dimensional monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, has emerged as one of the most extensively studied materials due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. Its unique atomic structure gives rise to extraordinary electrical and thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength, large specific surface area, and chemical stability, positioning graphene as a versatile platform for advanced technological applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of graphene, emphasizing the fundamental relationship between its structure and distinguishing properties. Major synthesis techniques, including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical oxidation–reduction routes, and electrochemical exfoliation, are critically discussed with respect to material quality, scalability, and practical feasibility. Furthermore, the review highlights recent progress in a broad spectrum of graphene-based applications spanning electronics, sensing, energy storage and conversion, healthcare, water purification, protective coatings, and commercialization efforts. Current challenges related to large-scale production, defect control, and device integration are also addressed. Finally, emerging research directions and future prospects are outlined, underscoring the potential of graphene to transition from laboratory-scale research to widespread industrial implementation. This review aims to provide a consolidated perspective for researchers and engineers engaged in the development of next-generation graphene-based technologies.

Keywords : Graphene, CVD, Mechanical Exfoliation, Epitaxial Growth on Silicon Carbide, Liquid-Phase Exfoliation, rGO, Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene.

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