Authors :
Ibrahim S. O.; Dibal H. U.; Momoh A.
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 9 - September
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/bddvzywn
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26sep1409
Note : A published paper may take 4-5
working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and
ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Groundwater Quality Index (WQI) was used in evaluating the water qualities of shallow groundwater of Okene and Adavi areas, North central Nigeria for drinking, domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose. Water Quality Index (WQI) simply converts and integrates large numbers of complicated datasets of the physicochemical elements with the hydrogeological parameters into quantitative and qualitative data for better understanding of water quality. Thirty-two shallow groundwater samples were sampled (fifteen from boreholes and seventeen from hand dug wells).
Keywords :
WQI, Cations, Anions, Okene, Groundwater.
References :
- Adelana, S. M. A., & MacDonald, A. M. (2021). Groundwater resources and management challenges in sub-Saharan Africa: Recent advances and future perspectives. Hydrogeology Journal, 29(5), 1523–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02341-7
- Adimalla, N. (2019). Groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential health risks assessment: A case study from a semi-arid region of South India. Exposure and Health, 11(2), 109–123.
- Ahmad, A., Al-Ghouti, M. A., Khraisheh, M., & Zouari, N. (2020). Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural uses in the state of Qatar. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 11, 100467.
- Ajibade, A. C., Oladoyin, F. G., & Fitches, W. R. (1987). The Nigerian Precambrian and Pan-African orogeny. In P. O. Oluyide (Ed.), Precambrian geology of Nigeria (pp. 45–53). Geological Survey of Nigeria.
- Akakuru, O. C., & Akudinobi, B. E. B. (2018). Determination of water quality index and irrigation suitability of groundwater sources in parts of coastal aquifers of Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 7(1), 1–6.
- Akakuru, O. C., Akudinobi, B. E. B., & Usman, A. O. (2017). Organic and heavy metal assessment of groundwater sources around Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation oil depot, Aba, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 7(24), 48–58.
- Akakuru, O. C., Akudinobi, B., Opara, A. I., Onyekuru, S. O., & Akakuru, O. U. (2021). Hydrogeochemical facies and pollution status of groundwater resources of Owerri and environs, Southeastern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 623.
- Akakuru, O. C., Eze, C. U., Okeke, O. C., Opara, A. I., Usman, A. O., Iheme, O. K., Ibeneme, S. I., & Iwuoha, P. O. (2022). Hydrogeochemical evolution, water quality indices, irrigation suitability and pollution index of groundwater around Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00162-0
- Akakuru, O. C., Nwankwoala, H. O., & Amangabara, G. T. (2022). Hydrogeochemical evolution, groundwater quality indices, irrigation suitability, and pollution index of groundwater in the eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 12(4), 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01612-3
- Akinsanola, A. A., Oloruntade, A. J., & Adeyemi, G. O. (2022). Seasonal hydrochemical assessment of shallow groundwater in basement complex terrain, southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10251-8
- Akpah, F. A., Ishaku, J. M., & Ameh, E. G. (2013). Statistical investigation of groundwater system in Itakpe area, Kogi State. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining, 3(8), 282–290.
- Alimi, J. A., Idris-Nda, A., Ajayi, O., & Konwea, C. I. (2021). Groundwater quality evaluation in Mando and Rigasa areas, Kaduna, Northwestern Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Geology, 5(1), 1–13.
- Alimi, O. S., Olatunji, A. S., & Yusuf, Y. O. (2021). Evaluation of groundwater quality around Mando and Rigasa areas, northwestern Nigeria. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQUA, 70(5), 648–661. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.155
- Aremu, M. O., Majabi, G. O., Oko, J. O., Opaluwa, O. D., Gav, B. L., & Osinfade, B. G. (2014). Physicochemical analyses of different sources of drinking water in Okene Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Journal of Civil and Environmental Research, 6(5).
- Arjun, K., Singh, S. K., & Tiwari, A. K. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS techniques in Mahoba District, Uttar Pradesh, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 15, 100658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100658
- Arjun, R., Tiwari, S. K., Pandey, H. K., Abhishek, K. C., Supriya, S., & Singh, Y. V. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework: District Mahoba, Uttar Pradesh, India. Applied Water Science, 11, 46.
- Atta, A. M., Ibrahim, H. S., & Musa, R. A. (2022). Application of water quality index and multivariate statistics in groundwater quality assessment of semi-arid regions. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 8, 134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00689-4
- Attah, H. S., Omar, M. S., & Tawfik, A. M. (2022). Water quality index for assessment of drinking groundwater purpose: Case study of area surrounding Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69, 83.
- De Giglio, O., Quaranta, A., Barbuti, G., Napoli, C., Caggiano, G., & Montagna, M. T. (2015). Factors influencing groundwater quality: Towards an integrated management approach. Annali di Igiene, 27, 52–57.
- Emenike, C. P., Omole, D. O., Ngene, B. U., & Tenebe, I. T. (2022). Groundwater quality assessment and associated human health risks in rapidly urbanizing regions of Nigeria: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09945-7
- Erhan, E., Mustafa, A., & Mehmet, K. (2022). Groundwater quality and human health risk assessment in Karamık Wetland, Turkey. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81, 221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10345-6
- Eyankware, M. O., Obasi, P. N., Omo-Irabor, O. O., & Akakuru, O. C. (2020). Hydrochemical characterization of an abandoned quarry and mine water for domestic and irrigation uses in Abakaliki, Southeastern Nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment.
- Gibbs, R. J. (1970). Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 170, 1088–1090.
- Gopinath, S., Srinivasamoorthy, K., & Saravanan, K. (2016). Modelling saline water intrusion in Nagapattinam coastal aquifers, Tamil Nadu, India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2, 1–10.
- Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001.
- Ishaku, J. M., Ahmed, A. S., & Abubakar, M. A. (2012). Assessment of groundwater quality using water quality index and GIS in Jada, Northeastern Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining, 2(3), 54–61.
- Kelly, W. P. (1963). Use of saline irrigation water. Soil Science, 95(4), 355–391.
- Lapworth, D. J., Nkhuwa, D. C. W., Okotto-Okotto, J., Pedley, S., Stuart, M. E., Tijani, M. N., & Wright, J. (2020). Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: Current status and implications for water security and public health. Hydrogeology Journal, 28(3), 1049–1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02141-3
- Musa, O. K., Kudamnya, E. A., Omali, A. O., & Akuh, T. I. (2014). Physicochemical characteristics of surface and groundwater in Obajana and its environs in Kogi Central Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8(9), 521–531.
- Noori, A., Ranjbari, F., & Bonakdari, H. (2023). Investigation of groundwater resources quality for drinking purposes using GWQI and GIS: A case study of Ottawa City, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Sciences Proceedings, 25, 74.
- Noori, R., Berndtsson, R., Hosseinzadeh, M., & Adamowski, J. (2023). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11045-1
- NSDWQ. (2015). Nigerian standard for drinking water quality (NIS 554). Standards Organisation of Nigeria.
- Offodile, M. E. (2002). Groundwater study and development in Nigeria (2nd ed.). Mecon Geology and Engineering Services Ltd.
- Ogbonna, D. O., Adejoh, A. P., Ifatimehin, O. O., & Idoko, O. (2006). Climatic benchmarking of the proposed site for Salem University. Revised Master Plan for Salem University, Lokoja.
- Oyebamiji, A. R., Aizebeokhai, A. P., & Oladunjoye, M. A. (2023). Hydrogeological characteristics and groundwater potential of crystalline basement terrains in southwestern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(8), 412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11342-9
- Piper, A. M. (1944). A graphical procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 25, 914–928.
- Richard, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Saadu, A., Dan-Hassan, M. A., & Usman, A. (2020). Classification of groundwater quality in the basement complex section of Kaduna Basin, Nigeria using physicochemical parameters and water quality indices. Heliyon, 6(12), e05637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05637
- Saqib, N., Rai, P. K., Kanga, S., Kumar, D., Ðurin, B., & Singh, S. K. (2023). Assessment of groundwater quality of Lucknow City under GIS framework using water quality index (WQI). Water, 15, 3048.
- Saqib, Z., Ahmad, I., & Khan, M. Y. (2023). Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Lucknow, India using hydrochemical indices. Applied Water Science, 13, 92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01843-9
- Standards Organisation of Nigeria. (2021). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). SON.
- Szabolcs, I., & Darab, C. (1964). The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content on soils. In I. Szabolcs (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Soil Science (pp. 803–812). Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
- World Health Organization. (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed., incorporating the 1st and 2nd addenda). WHO.
Groundwater Quality Index (WQI) was used in evaluating the water qualities of shallow groundwater of Okene and Adavi areas, North central Nigeria for drinking, domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose. Water Quality Index (WQI) simply converts and integrates large numbers of complicated datasets of the physicochemical elements with the hydrogeological parameters into quantitative and qualitative data for better understanding of water quality. Thirty-two shallow groundwater samples were sampled (fifteen from boreholes and seventeen from hand dug wells).
Keywords :
WQI, Cations, Anions, Okene, Groundwater.