Authors : Rustam Musta; Nurlansi; Haeruddin; Abraham Rahman; Dahlan; Wa Ode Mulyana; Parida Almatika

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 6 - June

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2s3vpba4

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/y85fhyax

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jun1571

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The synthesis of glycerol from peanut oil has been successfully carried out (Arachis hypogaea) This study aims to determine the glycerol content that can be obtained from the synthesis results through the esterification stage using a catalyst H2SO4 (1%) followed by trans-esterification with a catalyst KOH (1% w/v). The results of the study show that glycerol as a by-product of esterification - trans-esterification can be synthesized from peanut oil from Kendari city and methanol. The glycerol obtained showed unique physical characteristics with a clear color (not blackish brown) which gave a positive response with the Dunstan test for qualitative testing in the form of a faded purple color when heated and a color that returned to light when cooled. The results of the FTIR analysis showed OH absorption at a wavelength of 3340.71 cm-1and the CO group at 1028.13 cm-1, two specific functional groups that did not appear in the FTIR analysis results for peanut oil. The GCMS analysis results confirmed the presence of glycerol as indicated by a peak at a retention time of 15.781 minutes with a content of 79.71%.

Keywords : Peanut, Oil, MES, Esterification, Trans-Esterification, Sulfonation.

References :

1. Monteiro, M.R., Kugelmeier, C.L., Pinheiro, R.S., Batalha, M.O., and César, A.S. 2018. Glycerol from biodiesel production: Technological paths for sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 88, 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.02.019.
2. Chen, Z., and Liu, D. 2016. Toward Glycerol Biorefinery: Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Glycerol. Biotechnol Biofuels. 9, 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0625-8
3. Yang, F., Hanna, M.A. and Sun, R. 2012. Value-Added Uses for Crude Glycerol-a yproduct of Biodiesel Production. Biotechnol Biofuels. 5, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-13
4. Plácido, J., Capareda, S. 2016. Conversion of Residues and by-products from the Biodiesel Industry into Value-Added Products. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 3, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-016-0100-1
5. Sandid, A., Spallina, V. and Esteban, J. 2024. Glycerol to value-added chemicals: State of the art and advances in reaction engineering and kinetic modeling. Fuel Processing Technology. 253, 108008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2023.108008.
6. Pirzadi, Z. and Meshkani, F. 2022. From Glycerol Production to Its Value-Added Uses: A Critical Review. Fuel. 329, 125044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125044.
7. Azelee, N.I., Ramli, A.N., Manas, N.S., Salamun, N., Man, R.C., and Enshasy, H.A. 2019. Glycerol In Food, Cosmetics And Pharmaceutical Industries: Basics and New Applications. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8, 553-558.
8. Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, and Surber C. 2008. Glycerol and the Skin: Holistic Approach to Its Origin and Functions. Br J Dermatol. 159(1):23-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08643.x. Epub 2008 Jul 1. PMID: 18510666.
9. Becker LC, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG Jr, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. 2019. Safety Assessment of Glycerin as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol. 38(3_suppl):6S-22S. doi: 10.1177/1091581819883820. PMID: 31840548.

10. Yamada T, Habuka A, Hatta I. 2021. Moisturizing Mechanism of Glycerol and Diglycerol on Human Stratum Corneum Studied by Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2021 Feb;43(1):38-47. doi: 10.1111/ics.12664. Epub 2020 Nov 5. PMID: 32969048.
11. Naseef, H.H. and  Tulaimat, R. H. 2025. Transesterification and Esterification for Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review of Catalysts and Palm Oil Feedstocks. Energy Conversion and Management. X. 26, 100931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.100931.
12. Yusuf, B. O., Oladepo, S. A., and Ganiyu, S. A. 2024. Efficient and Sustainable Biodiesel Production via Transesterification: Catalysts and Operating Conditions. Catalysts, 14(9), 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14090581
13. Li, Y., Ghasemi Naghdi, F., Garg, S., Adarme-Vega, T.C., Thurecht, K.J. Ghafor, W.A., Tannock, S. and Schenk, P.M. 2014. A Comparative Study: The Impact of Different Lipid Extraction Methods on Current Microalgal Lipid Research. Microb Cell Fact 13, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-14
14. Efthymiopoulos, I., Hellier, P., Ladommatos, N., Kay, A. and Mills-Lampety, B.  2019. Effect of Solvent Extraction Parameters on the Recovery of Oil From Spent Coffee Grounds for Biofuel Production. Waste Biomass Valor. 10, 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0061-4
15. Fornasari, C.H., Secco, D., Santos, R.F., Benetoli da Silva, T.R., Lenz, N.B.G., Tokura, L.K., Lenz, M.L., de Souza, Samuel, N.M., Junior, Luiz A.Z., Gurgacz, F. 2017. Efficiency of the Use of Solvents in Vegetable Oil Extraction at Oleaginous Crops. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 80, 121-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.123.
16. Fachrina, S., and Broto, R. T. D. W. (2023). Optimization of Soxhlet Extraction of Candlenut Oil (Aleurites moluccana (L.) willd) Using Factorial Experimental Design Level 23. Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research, 5(1), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v5i1.17143
17. Mueller, D., Ferrão, M. F., Marder, L., Da Costa, A. B., and De Cássia de Souza Schneider, R. 2013. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Multivariate Analysis for Identification of Different Vegetable Oils Used in Biodiesel Production. Sensors, 13(4), 4258-4271. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404258
18. Kokalj Ladan, M., and  Kočevar Glavač, N. (2022). Statistical FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Characterization of 17 Vegetable Oils. Molecules, 27(10), 3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103190
19. Uchôa Lopes, C. M., Saturnino de Oliveira, J. R., Holanda, V. N., Rodrigues, A. Y. F., Martins da Fonseca, C. S., Galvão Rodrigues, F. F., Camilo, C. J., Lima, V. L. d. M., Coutinho, H. D. M., Kowalski, R., and da Costa, J. G. M. 2020. GC-MS Analysis and Hemolytic, Antipyretic and Antidiarrheal Potential of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Essential Oil. Separations, 7(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations7020035
20. Bartnik, M. 2023. GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil and Volatiles from Aerial Parts of Peucedanum tauricum M.B. during the Phenological Period. Separations, 10(9), 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10090484
21. Kasirajan, R. 2021. Biodiesel Production by Two Step Process from An Energy Source of Chrysophyllum albidum Oil using Homogeneous Catalyst. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. 37. 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2021.05.011.
22. Supeno, M., Sihotang, J.P., Panjaitan, Y.V., Dian S. Damanik, Y., Tarigan Juliati Br.and Sitepu, E.K. 2023. Room Temperature Esterification of High-Free Fatty Acid Feedstock into Biodiesel. RCS Adv. 13(47):33107-33113. doi: 10.1039/d3ra06912e. PMID: 37954417; PMCID: PMC10633858.
23. Brinks, J., Malins, K., Kampars, V., Prilucka, J. and Apseniece, L. 2013. Optimization of rapeseed oil fatty acid esterification with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid. Green Sciences, 15(4), 2013. 54-59. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0068
24. Ding, J., Xia, Z., & Lu, J. 2012. Esterification and Deacidification of a Waste Cooking Oil (TAN 68.81 mg KOH/g) for Biodiesel Production. Energies, 5(8), 2683-2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5082683
25. Banihani, F.F. 2017. Transesterification and Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil: Effect of Operation Variables on Fuel Properties. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 4(6), 154-160. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20160406.13
26. Hoff, K. L., and Eisenacher, M. 2025. Process Intensification Strategies for Esterification: Kinetic Modeling, Reactor Design, and Sustainable Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(15), 7214.
27. Raighar, R.K., Srivastava, S. and Mishra, H.N. 2024. Estimation of Peanut Quality Based on Free Fatty Acids and Peroxide Value by Application of FTNIR and Chemometrics Approach. Food Chemistry Advances. 4. 100735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100735.
28. Limmun W, Chungcharoen T, Rattanamechaiskul C, Phetpan K, Limmun W. 2024. Enhancing Biodiesel Yield and Purification with a Recently Developed Centrifuge Machine: A Response Surface Methodology Approach. Heliyon. 10(7):e29018. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29018. PMID: 38601691; PMCID: PMC11004817.
29. Mekonnen, K. D. 2024. A Preliminary Evaluation of How Classical Separation Techniques Affect the Solid Catalyst Surface Features during Transesterification. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2024.2399129
30. Salaheldeen, M., Mariod, A. A., Aroua, M. K., Rahman, S. M. A., Soudagar, M. E. M., and Fattah, I. M. R. 2021. Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts, 11(9), 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11091121

31. Rani, Z., Julia Reveny, & Urip Harahap. 2021. Utilization of Glycerol by Product from Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil As A Cosurfactant In Nanocream Preparation . International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 2(4), 1258-1264. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i4.264
32. Ding, J., He, B., and Li, J. 2011. Biodiesel Production from Acidified Oils via Supercritical Methanol. Energies. 4(12), 2212-2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4122212
33. Huda, M. S., Odegaard, M., Chandra Sarker, N., Webster, D. C., and Monono, E. 2024. Enhancing Recovery Yield of Vegetable Oil Methyl Ester for Bioresin Production: A Comparison Study Using Acid Neutralization. ChemEngineering, 8(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8010016
34. Farouk, S. M., Tayeb, A. M., Abdel-Hamid, S. M. S., Osman, R. M.,. 2024. Recent Advances in Transesterification for Sustainable Biodiesel Production, Challenges, and Prospects: A Comprehensive Review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 12722–12747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32027-4
35. Majumder, S., Ghosh, A., Saha, S. Acharyya, S., Chakraborty, S., Subba, P.,  Nandi, S., Sarkar, S., and Bhattacharya M. 2024. In Vitro Bioactivities and Gastrointestinal Simulation Validate Ethnomedicinal Efficacy of Five Fermented Kodo-Based Himalayan Traditional Drinks and Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Components. Food Prod Process and Nutrition. 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00184-7
36. Danish, M., Mumtaz, M.W, Fakhar, M. & Rashid, U, 2016, Response Surface Methodology based Optimized Purification of the Residual Glycerol from Biodiesel Production Process. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2016; 43(X) : 1-13
37. Garcia-Viñola, V., Ruiz-de-Villa, C., Gombau, J., Poblet, M., Bordons, A., Reguant, C., and Rozès, N. 2024. Simultaneous Analysis of Organic Acids, Glycerol and Phenolic Acids in Wines using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods, 13(2), 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13020186
38. Attarbachi, T., Kingsley, M., and Spallina, V. 2024. Waste-Derived Low-Grade Glycerol Purification and Recovery from Biorefineries: An Experimental Investigation. Biofuels. Bioproducts & Biorefining, 18(5), 1475–1494. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2638